Preface 1.General Considerations 2.Basic Processes in Atomization 3.Drop Size Distributions of Sprays 4.Atomizers 5.Flow in Atomizers 6.Atomizer Performance 7.External Spray Charcteristics 8.Drop Evaporation 9.Drop Sizing Methods Index

Atomization and Sprays

Gas-assisted atomization is used to produce metal powders for additive manufacturing. In these systems the primary atomization governs the powder size distribution, but it is experimentally challenging to investigate. In this study, the primary atomization of a molten metal spray was monitored with a calibrated high-speed camera and digital image processing. The technique enabled the generation of spatio-temporal maps at different distances from the nozzle. Among the characteristics of the spray, mean values and standard deviation of the spray width along the spraying direction, and the frequency of the oscillation of the spray boundaries are presented. Statistically relevant spray asymmetries were identified, which can be caused by faulty spray operation in form of a localized metal solidification at the pouring nozzle. By systematically varying the gas temperature and the gas atomization pressure, it is shown that heating of the gas up to 573 K stabilizes the spraying process and enhances the liquid dispersion in the recirculation zone. 

High-speed Video Image Analysis of Liquid Metal Atomization Process

: To assist in the development of more accurate models and understanding of liquid atomization, we have developed a new quantitative measurement technique to examine the dense near-field region of sprays using X-ray computed tomography (CT). An optimized spray CT system was designed using a modern conventional flat-panel tabletop conebeam X-ray CT with recommendations for further improvements in spatial resolution. Three-dimensional time-averaged liquid mass distributions have been obtained for scaled pressure swirl atomizers, which match the dimensionless parameters for typical spray application. The results reveal three-dimensional characteristics of nominally axisymmetric sprays and provide quantitative evaluation data for high-fidelity simulations. Furthermore, preliminarily comparisons have been made to standard optical measurements techniques such as Shadowgraphy and PLIF as validation.

A New Quantitative 3D Imaging Method for Characterizing Spray in the Near-field of Nozzle Exits

This work examines and compares two proven techniques for assessing key characteristics of liquid sprays for combustion applications: shadowgraphy and time-averaged X-ray computed tomography (CT). Atomization has key applications in combustion as it can improve fuel efficiency, increase heat release, and decrease pollutant emissions. To improve the design of fuel injection nozzles, the ability to conduct accurate analyses of sprays is crucial. Key characteristics of the liquid spray, such as mean particle diameter, spray-cone angle, mass distribution, and penetration length give insight into the effectiveness of a nozzle. Shadowgraphy is a relatively inexpensive method that produces a two-dimensional, instantaneous image of the spray particles or spray called a shadowgram. Shadowgrams can be used for analyzing mean particle size, spray-cone angle, and location of breakup regions. X-ray CT measures the time-averaged X-ray absorption of two-dimensional projection images of spray to produce a three-dimensional reconstruction of the spray. X-ray CT can provide valuable insight into the symmetry and mass distribution of a spray; however, X-ray absorption diminishes rapidly with increased distance from nozzles, thereby limiting analysis to the regions near the nozzle. A detailed comparison of the overall effectiveness and insights yielded by the two methods illustrates the unique uses, benefits, and shortcomings of each method. The results confirm that X-ray CT scanning proves more effective in the dense, near-nozzle spray region. Shadowgraphy effectively complements the X-ray CT analysis through particle analysis. It also allows for relatively simple spray cone analysis, though it cannot provide quantitative mass distribution analysis.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

A Comparison of Shadowgraphy and X-Ray Computed Tomography in Liquid Spray Analysis

https://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2212.10629v3.pdf

Searching for Prompt and Long-Lived Dark Photons in Electro-Produced $e^+e^-$ Pairs with the Heavy Photon Search Experiment at JLab

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A Comparison of Shadowgraphy and X-Ray Computed Tomography in Liquid Spray Analysis

Searching for Prompt and Long-Lived Dark Photons in Electro-Produced $e^+e^-$ Pairs with the Heavy Photon Search Experiment at JLab