The structure of immunoglobulins and their genes, DNA rearrangement and B cell differentiation, molecular anomalies of some monoclonal immunoglobulins.

RISH V. Application to monoclonal antibody production.

Immunogenetics: a review and future prospects.

In addition to carrying out the diverse functions of the humoral immune system, the family of proteins collectively referred to as “immunoglobulins” possesses important antigenic features. These proteins, in other words, are themselves immunogenic, as would be expected of such large and complex molecules. Detailed study of the precise nature of the antigenic features of immunoglobulins has provided important insights into the organization and complexity of the various members of this protein family, knowledge of how their synthesis is genetically controlled, and information showing how immunological reactions involving immunoglobulins as target molecules can contribute to a number of disease states. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide an overview of what is currently known about these various antigenic properties of immunoglobulins. The chapter by Calvanico and Tomasi in this volume provides relevant information regarding the elements of immunoglobulin structure.

Antigenic Features of Immunoglobulins

We have used a radioimmune assay to confirm our earlier findings of an unexpected immunoglobulin allotype in Igb-congenic BALB/c mice. Although these mice were bred to exclude the IgG2a allotype of BALB/c (Ig-la), an Ig-la-like antigen was detected in the 7S Ig fraction of two (of five) pooled serum samples, it represented 0.1--0.3% of the total 7S protein and was indistinguishable from a reference Ig-la. The detection of putative Ig-la in Igb-congenic mice is inconsistent with the notion that allotypes are products of allelic structural genes. It appears rather that expression of Ig-la is controlled by allelic regulator genes and that its low and transient production in Igb-congenic mice results from incomplete negative regulation.

/pdf/radioimmune-analysis-of-an-unexpected-mouse-allotype-3v3xwoxr9r.pdf

Radioimmune analysis of an unexpected mouse allotype.

The main objective of this review is to cover the more significant points regarding immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypes and idiotypes in different species. Allotypic or inherited differences in Igs are almost entirely recognized by immunological methodology where specific amino acid interchanges produced by genetic events are detected as antigens. Most of these antigens do not involve substitutions by the acidic or basic amino acids and it has only been in the mouse system that a few electrophoretic allotypic variants have been detected. While the allotypic Ig variants are very analogous to genetic variants of other proteins, the idiotypes are entirely special to Igs. These too are detected by immunological methodology and reflect the specific amino acids of the hypervariable areas of the Ig molecule involved in the combining sites for antigen. Recently they too have been employed as genetic markers.

Allotypes and Idiotypes

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Allotypes and Idiotypes