X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to characterize the interface between poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and an aluminium oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) surface. Reaction of the PAA carboxylic acid functionality with hydroxyl groups at the surface of the oxide to form a monodentate carboxylate complex C(O)OAl was identified by FTIR. The degree of conversion of the acid to the salt at the interface was estimated to be 40% from the XPS analysis of PAA overlayers of varying thickness. An equivalent reaction was identified at the interface between AlOOH and a monolayer of strongly bonded plasma-polymerized acrylic acid (ppAAc) that remained after solvent washing. The resistance of the monolayer of ppAAc to solvent washing was attributed to the formation of interfacial carboxylate complexes with the AlOOH surface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interfacial interactions of plasma‐polymerized acrylic acid and an oxidized aluminium surface investigated using XPS, FTIR and poly(acrylic acid) as a model compound

The effect of oxygen addition to microwave-sustained plasmas of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) has been investigated. Attention was directed to the solid products formed on aluminium substrates (plasma deposits). To enable a quantitative analysis of these, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of standard silicon-containing materials was carried out. When suitable charge correction is applied to the XP spectra of HMDSO/O2 plasma deposits, a number of very clear trends emerge. From changes in elemental composition, core line binding energies (Si2p, C 1s, and O 1s) and widths, we show how oxygen addition to the plasma affects the chemical nature of the plasma deposit. The data reported also provide (some limited) information on the reactions taking place in the plasma.

An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation into the chemical structure of deposits formed from hexamethyldisiloxane/oxygen plasmas

This paper describes static and fatigue analysis of steel leaf spring and composite multi leaf spring made of glass fibre reinforced polymer. Primary objective is to compare the load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stresses and deflections. Finite element analysis with full bump load on 3-D model of composite multi leaf spring was done using ANSYS 7.1 and analytical results were compared with experimental results. Composite leaf spring had 67.35% lesser stress, 64.95% higher stiffness and 126.98% higher natural frequency than that of existing steel leaf spring. A weight reduction of 68.15 % was also achieved by using composite leaf spring. Fatigue life of composite leaf spring (10, 00,000 cycles) was more than that of conventional steel leaf spring (2, 00,000 cycles).

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/1154/1/JSIR%2066%282%29%20%282007%29%20128-134.pdf

Static analysis and fatigue life prediction of steel and composite leaf spring for light passenger vehicles

An atmospheric pressure nonthermal equilibrium corona plasma jet is described for depositing polymeric coatings with a high degree of functional chemistry retention. A long chain perfluorocarbon molecule was introduced as a vapor into a helium plasma at atmospheric pressure and coatings were deposited onto Si wafers at rates of 60−100 nm/min. XPS, FTIR and contact angle measurements indicate that a controlled polymerization reaction took place through the vinyl group of the monomer, with minimal fragmentation of the functional perfluoro chain. Electrical characterization of the corona plasma indicates that the power coupled into the jet was 6.8 W. It is proposed that low specific energy (J/cm3) coupled into the plasma region is inherent to this plasma type and enables deposition of coatings with minimal fragmentation of the precursor monomer molecule. The system is inherently suitable for small-to-moderate area, high-added-value functional coating.

Soft Plasma Polymerization of Gas State Precursors from an Atmospheric Pressure Corona Plasma Discharge

A method for manufacturing a filament wound composite crank arm includes forming unidirectional filament wound first and second elongated rings and a first reinforcement disk having a center hole. A second reinforcement disk having a threaded center hole is made of steel. The first ring is placed in the bottom of a hollow, heated mold. The inserts are placed onto mandrels within the mold so that they reside within the first ring. Resin-impregnated fiber filler is placed into the mold. A strand of resin-impregnated fiber is wound around a special plunger to form a torsion-resistant member comprising an elongate truss framework integrally interposed between two opposing walls of an elongated cylindroid. The second ring is positioned around the torsion-resistant member at one of its edges, and the torsion-resistant member is placed into the mold to become circumscribed by the first ring at its other edge and to surround the inserts. The crank arm is completed by applying pressure to the plunger to cause the resin-fiber filler to fill the remaining void spaces within the mold and thereby bond together all of the components. The crank arm includes two receiving cavities which pass through the holes of the two inserts, for interchangeably connecting the crank arm to other components, the inserts for reinforcing said connections.

Method for manufacturing a composite crank arm

Thin (750 A) plasma-polymerized films of acetylene were deposited onto polished steel substrates in an inductively coupled r.f. reactor. The films were characterized by XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) immediately after deposition and after aging in the atmosphere. The FTIR spectra of the as-deposited films were characterized by bands related to mono- and disubstituted acetylene groups and by bands related to methyl and methylene groups. During exposure to the atmosphere, bands related to acetylenic groups decreased in intensity while new bands due to carbonyl groups appeared. When XPS spectra were obtained from films that were exposed to the atmosphere, new components assigned to oxidation products were observed in the C 1s spectra that were not observed for as-deposited films, verifying that oxidation had occurred. Numerous peaks related to aromatic structures were observed in positive SIMS spectra of as-deposited films. Results obtained from AES showed that the plasma-polymerized films were continuous and that the oxide on the substrate surface was partially reduced during deposition. Plasma-polymerized acetylene films were excellent primers for rubber-to-steel bonding. Miniature lap joints were prepared by using rubber as an «adhesive» to bond together pairs of polished steel adherends primed with plasma-polymerized acetylene films. The force required to break the as-prepared joints was ∼ 2000 N for a bonded area of 64 mm 2 and failure was 100% cohesive in the rubber. Similar results were obtained for joints prepared using polished brass substrates. Because of the complexity of reactions between rubber and the plasma-polymerized primer, a model «rubber» consisting of a mixture of squalene, zinc oxide, carbon black, sulfur, stearic acid cobalt naphthenate, N,N- dicyclohexylbenzothiazole sulfenamide and diaryl-p-diphenyleneamine was used to simulate the cross-linking reaction. The results obtained using XPS, SIMS, AES and FTIR showed that sulfur diffused through the primer to form a layer of sulfide at the primer/substrate interface. Zinc and cobalt sulfides and pertiomercaptides, which formed at the interface between squalene and the plasma-polymerized acetylene primer, catalyzed the reaction between squalene and the primer. Cross-links between squalene and the primer were mostly mono-sulfidic, although some evidence for di- and trisulfidic cross-links was observed

Surface characterization of novel plasma-polymerized primers for rubber-to-metal bonding

A vehicular powertrain mount assembly comprising two metal bracket members and a volume of a resilient elastomeric material sandwiched between and adhesively bonded to the two brackets. An epoxy adhesive is used in bonding the metal to the elastomer producing a bond having a minimum tensile rupture strength of 3,000 Newtons when tested by ASTM D-429.

Vehicular powertrain mount assembly

A composite leaf spring for a motor vehicle has an elongated body of layers of epoxy coated fibers extending in the longitudinal direction of the spring The composite fiber/adhesive body is formed and cured to provide sufficient strength and flexibility to suspend the vehicle A synthetic fiber pad is fixed adjacent the end of the spring for engagement with the spring hanger of the suspension system to resist wear of the body at the interface with the hanger In the preferred embodiment, the pad is a woven fabric of aramid fibers at least some of which extend substantially normal to the wear interface A specific double plane weave fabric including a warp/fill fiber ratio of approximately 7:1 provides superior results Epoxy resin is preferred for the adhesive both for the body of the spring and for pre-impregnation of the pad In the related method, the pre-impregnated pad is applied to the mold contoured to correspond to the shape of the spring and elongated fibers are layered in the mold over the pad Sufficient heat and pressure is applied to integrally bond the pad to the spring to form the wear surface

Method of forming a composite leaf spring with fabric wear pad

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Surface characterization of novel plasma-polymerized primers for rubber-to-metal bonding

Vehicular powertrain mount assembly

Method of forming a composite leaf spring with fabric wear pad