Minimally invasive surgical approach versus open procedure for pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

High serum concentrations of kidney-derived protein uromodulin [Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP)] have recently been shown to be independently associated with low mortality in both older adults and cardiac patients, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that THP inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) both in the kidney and systemically. Consistent with this experimental data, the concentration of circulating THP in patients with surgery-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) correlated with systemic oxidative damage. THP in the serum dropped after AKI and was associated with an increase in systemic ROS. The increase in oxidant injury correlated with postsurgical mortality and need for dialysis. Mechanistically, THP inhibited the activation of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2) channel. Furthermore, inhibition of TRPM2 in vivo in a mouse model mitigated the systemic increase in ROS during AKI and THP deficiency. Our results suggest that THP is a key regulator of systemic oxidative stress by suppressing TRPM2 activity, and our findings might help explain how circulating THP deficiency is linked with poor outcomes and increased mortality.

Circulating uromodulin inhibits systemic oxidative stress by inactivating the TRPM2 channel

Volatile sedation in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present study investigated the clinical significance of the novel biomarker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for the early diagnosis of acute renal injury (AKI). Thirty-eight critically ill patients with acute renal injury treated at Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital between December 2015 and November 2016 served as the AKI group (observation group). At the same time, 38 critically ill patients without acute renal injury were also selected as the non-AKI group (control group). Serum NGAL and creatinine (SCr) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 2, 8, 12 and 24 h post-operation, whereas particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) was used to quantify the levels of cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C (CysC) in serum at 2, 8, 12 and 24 h post-operation. The correlations between indicators were also analyzed, with ROC curves used to evaluate the diagnostic values of NGAL, SCr and CysC in AKI. No significant differences in SCr levels were found between the two groups at different time-points after operation (P>0.05), but NGAL and CysC levels in the observation group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed NGAL and CysC were positively correlated with Scr levels. For NGAL in early diagnosis, the area under the AKI curve was 0.904, the sensitivity was 90.2% and the specificity was 89.5%; for CysC in early diagnosis, the area under the AKI curve was 0.806, the sensitivity was 79.2% and the specificity was 78.5%; for SCr in early diagnosis, the area under the AKI curve was 0.634, the sensitivity was 64.2% and the specificity was 62.5%. Therefore, NGAL demonstrated a satisfactory early predictive value for AKI and can be used as a biomarker for early AKI diagnosis.

/pdf/clinical-significance-of-novel-biomarker-ngal-in-early-3mhun14ysr.pdf

Clinical significance of novel biomarker NGAL in early diagnosis of acute renal injury.

Use of cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery triggers systemic inflammation by neutrophil activation leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release. Hence, nuclear DNA released by necrotic and apoptotic cells might contribute to an increase in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). cfDNA/NETs might induce endothelial damage and organ dysfunction. This study focuses on the accuracy of cfDNA to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) after on-pump surgery. 58 cardiac patients undergoing on-pump surgery were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples were taken preoperatively, immediately after surgery, at day 1, 2, 3 and 5 from patients with (n = 21) or without (n = 37) postoperative AKI development. Levels of cfDNA, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and creatinine in patients’ plasma were quantified. ROC curves were used to assess the predictive value of the biomarkers for AKI. Further baseline characteristics and perioperative variables were analyzed.cfDNA and NGAL levels highly increased in AKI patients and significant intergroup differences (vs. non-AKI) were found until day 3 and day 5 after surgery, respectively. cfDNA levels were significantly elevated in patients who developed late AKI (>24 hours), but not in those with AKI development during the first 24 hours (early AKI). NGAL and creatinine, which were highest in patients with early AKI, accurately predicted during the first 24 postoperative hours (early AKI). At day 3, at a threshold of 260.53 ng/ml cfDNA was the best predictor for AKI (AUC = 0.804) compared to NGAL (AUC = 0.699) and creatinine (AUC = 0.688). NGAL, but not cfDNA, was strongly associated with AKI stages and mortality. Monitoring of cfDNA levels from the first postoperative day might represent a valuable tool to predict late AKI after on-pump surgery.

/pdf/high-levels-of-cell-free-dna-accurately-predict-late-acute-4qm3umtnea.pdf

High levels of cell-free DNA accurately predict late acute kidney injury in patients after cardiac surgery.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a well recognized complication of cardiac surgery. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aims of our study are twofold;
 We prospectively studied 196 consecutive patients undergoing elective (on-pump) cardiac surgery. Baseline patient characteristics, including medical co-morbidities, proteinuria, procedural data and kidney function (serum creatinine (sCr) were collected. Internationally standardised criteria for AKI were used (sCr >1.5 times baseline, elevation in sCr >26.4 μmmol/L (0.3 mg/dl). Measurements were collected pre-operatively, within 2 h of surgical completion (IPOsCr) and daily for two days. Logistic regression was used to assess predictive factors for AKI including IPOsCr. Model discrimination was assessed using ROC AUC curves. Forty (20.4%) patients developed AKI postoperatively. Hypertension (OR 2.64, p = 0.02), diabetes (OR 2.25, p = 0.04), proteinuria (OR 2.48, p = 0.02) and a lower baseline eGFR (OR 0.74, p = 0.002) were associated with AKI in univariate analysis. A multivariate logistic model with preoperative and surgical factors (age, gender, eGFR, proteinuria, hypertension, diabetes and type of cardiac surgery) demonstrated moderate discrimination for AKI (ROC AUC 0.76). The addition of IPOsCr improved model discrimination for AKI (AUC 0.82, p = 0.07 versus baseline AUC) and was independently associated with AKI (OR 7.17; 95% CI 1.27–40.32; p = 0.025). One in 5 patients developed AKI post cardiac surgery. These patients have significantly increased morbidity and mortality. IPOsCr is significantly associated with the development of AKI, providing a cheap readily available prognostic marker.

/pdf/early-serum-creatinine-accurately-predicts-acute-kidney-507ipz31k1.pdf

Early serum creatinine accurately predicts acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery

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Early serum creatinine accurately predicts acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery