While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications. In medicine, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs, and therapeutic aptamers are explored as potent targeted treatment and diagnostic modalities, while in the technological field oligonucleotides have found use in new materials, catalysis, and data storage. The use of natural oligonucleotides limits the possible chemical functionality of resulting technologies while inherent shortcomings, such as susceptibility to nuclease degradation, provide obstacles to their application. Modified oligonucleotides, at the level of the nucleobase, sugar and/or phosphate backbone, are widely used to overcome these limitations. This review provides the reader with an overview of non-native modifications and the challenges faced in the design, synthesis, application and outlook of novel modified oligonucleotides.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-non-native-nucleic-acid-modifications-208g3b1rf7.pdf

Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications.

The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) is the main imaging system onboard the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) which was launched on 14 March 2016. CaSSIS is intended to acquire moderately high resolution (4.6 m/pixel) targeted images of Mars at a rate of 10–20 images per day from a roughly circular orbit 400 km above the surface. Each image can be acquired in up to four colours and stereo capability is foreseen by the use of a novel rotation mechanism. A typical product from one image acquisition will be a $9.5~\mbox{km} \times {\sim}45~\mbox{km}$
 swath in full colour and stereo in one over-flight of the target thereby reducing atmospheric influences inherent in stereo and colour products from previous high resolution imagers. This paper describes the instrument including several novel technical solutions required to achieve the scientific requirements.

The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) for the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Thin-film optical filters, 3rd Edition

Macromolecular Engineering: Precise Synthesis, Materials Properties, Applications

The steric and electronic influence of backbone substitution in IMes-based (IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2ylidene) N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) was probed by synthesizing the [RhCl(CO)2(NHC)] series of complexes to quantify experimentally the Tolman electronic parameter (electronic) and the percent buried volume (%Vbur, steric) parameters. The corresponding ruthenium–indenylidene complexes were also synthesized and tested in benchmark metathesis transformations to establish possible correlations between reactivity and NHC electronic and steric parameters.

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/pdf/1860-5397-6-128.pdf

Backbone tuning in indenylidene-ruthenium complexes bearing an unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbene

The applicability of ruthenium-indenylidene complexes in olefin metathesis polymerisations, in particular in ring opening metathesis polymerisation is discussed in this report. An indenylidene based alternative to state of the art initiators is introduced and the scope of this compound is discussed by means of application in block copolymer synthesis.

Ruthenium-indenylidene initiators for living ring opening metathesis polymerisation

A new technique based on photolithographic processes of thin-film optical pass band coatings on a monolithic substrate has been applied to the filters of the Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) of the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) that will fly onboard of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter to be launched in March 2016 by ESA. The FPA including is one of the spare components of the Simbio-Sys instrument of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) that will fly on ESA’s Bepi Colombo mission to Mercury. The detector, developed by Raytheon Vision Systems, is a 2kx2k hybrid Si-PIN array with a 10 μm pixel. The detector is housed within a block and has filters deposited directly on the entrance window. The window is a 1 mm thick monolithic plate of fused silica. The Filter Strip Assembly (FSA) is produced by Optics Balzers Jena GmbH and integrated on the focal plane by Leonardo-Finmeccanica SpA (under TAS-I responsibility). It is based on dielectric multilayer interference coatings, 4 colour bands selected with average in-band transmission greater than 95 percent within wavelength range (400-1100 nm), giving multispectral images on the same detector and thus allows CaSSIS to operate in push-frame mode. The Field of View (FOV) of each colour band on the detector is surrounded by a mask of low reflective chromium (LRC), which also provides with the straylight suppression required (an out-of-band transmission of less than 10-5/nm). The mask has been shown to deal effectively with cross-talk from multiple reflections between the detector surface and the filter. This paper shows the manufacturing and optical properties of the FSA filters and the FPA preliminary on-ground calibration results.

Thin-film optical pass band filters based on new photo-lithographic process for CaSSIS FPA detector on Exomars TGO mission: development, integration, and test

The thiol-ene reaction is a established photoreaction of multifunctional thiols and enes. Virtually any type of ene will
participate in a free radical polymerisation process with a thiol. An advantage over many other photochemical reactions
is that the reaction proceeds almost as rapidly in ambient conditions as in inert atmosphere.
In this work we introduce the UV-crosslinking of polynorbornenes made by ring opening metathesis polymerization
making use of the residual double bond in the polymer backbone.
The crosslinking experiments were done in thin films and were followed by FTIR measurements, to proof the
accessibility of double-bonds in the polymers for the addition of the thiols. As a result of these pre-experiments we
created flexible and light transmitting films. To further increase the scope of this reaction, amphiphilic block copolymers
were prepared and used to form block copolymer micelles in a selective solvent, which were subsequently crosslinked
with pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). FT-IR, DLS and SEM-measurements were used to prove the
successful crosslinking and thus nanoparticle formation.

Thiol-ene reaction as tool for crosslinking of polynorbornene micelles in the nanoscale

Besides the typical channels in the visible and near infrared spectrum, optical remote sensing of the earth from air and
space utilizes also several channels in the short-wave infrared spectrum from 1000 nm to 3000 nm. Thin-film optical
filters are applied to select these channels, but the application of classical multiple-cavity band-pass filters is impossible.
Because of their additional blocking elements they are disallowed due to geometrical or other non-optical reasons.
Within the sensitivity region of an MCT detector as typical detector device, the selection and blocking of radiation by the
filter has to be provided by a single multilayer system. The spectral region of the SWIR as well as blocking width and
depth require necessarily designs with overall thicknesses of more than 20 μm, with layer numbers up to 100. SiO 2 and
TiO 2 were used as thin-film materials deposited with reactive e-beam evaporation under ion assistance in a Leybold
SyrusPro box coater. A special challenge was the thickness measurement of the thin films by an optical broadband
monitoring device in the visible range. The results of manufacturing and characterizing of such filters are presented by
three examples for the center wavelengths of 1375 nm, 1610 nm, and 2190 nm.

Manufacturing and characterizing of all-dielectric band-pass filters for the short-wave infrared region

Optical remote sensing of the earth from air and space typically utilizes several channels in the visible and near infrared spectrum. Thin-film optical interference filters, mostly of narrow bandpass type, are applied to select these channels. The filters are arranged in filter wheels, arrays of discrete stripe filters mounted in frames, or patterned arrays on a monolithic substrate. Such multi-channel filter assemblies can be mounted close to the detector, which allows a compact and lightweight camera design. Recent progress in image resolution and sensor sensitivity requires improvements of the optical filter performance. Higher demands placed on blocking in the UV and NIR and in between the spectral channels, in-band transmission and filter edge steepness as well as scattering lead to more complex filter coatings with thicknesses in the range of 10 - 25μm. Technological limits of the conventionally used ion-assisted evaporation process (IAD) can be overcome only by more precise and higher-energetic coating technologies like plasma-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering (PARMS) in combination with optical broadband monitoring. Optics Balzers has developed a photolithographic patterning process for coating thicknesses up to 15μm that is fully compatible with the advanced PARMS coating technology. This provides the possibility of depositing multiple complex high-performance filters on a monolithic substrate. We present an overview of the performance of recently developed filters with improved spectral performance designed for both monolithic filter-arrays and stripe filters mounted in frames. The pros and cons as well as the resulting limits of the filter designs for both configurations are discussed.

Low-loss interference filter arrays made by plasma-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering (PARMS) for high-performance multispectral imaging

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