IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity

SUMMARY Salmonella is a major microbial hazard in animal feed. Salmonella can persist for long periods in a wide range of materials. The lack of uniformity involved in Salmonella contamination and the large volumes of feed produced make accurate assessments of feed contamination rates difficult. Salmonella control principles may be divided into 3 broad categories: efforts to prevent contamination from entering the facility, work to reduce microbial multiplication within the plant, and procedures designed to kill the pathogen. Preventing contamination also involves controlling dust, managing the flow of equipment and humans, reducing rodent infestations, preventing contamination from wild birds, and ensuring the sanitation of transport vehicles. Reducing Salmonella multiplication in feed manufacturing facilities involves discovering microbial growth niches and reducing conditions that lead to growth. Killing Salmonella may involve thermal processing (pelleting) or chemical addition. Pelleting reduces, but may not completely eliminate, Salmonella contamination because of limitations of the process or recontamination after thermal processing. Chemical additions to control Salmonella in feed primarily involve the use of products containing organic acid, formaldehyde, or a combination of such compounds.

A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed

Clonal lineages in the filamentous ascomycete (fungi) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were determined by analysis of genealogies of four loci: the intergenic spacer of the nuclear ribosomal repeat (IGS; approximately 4 kb), the translation elongation factor (EF-1α; approximately 300 bp), an anonymous region (44.11; approximately 700 bp), and the calmodulin gene (CAL; approximately 400 bp). Three of the four loci are physically unlinked. The combined analysis of the four loci provided the best estimate of phylogeny, which is consistent with a pattern of some recombination among clonal lineages against a background of predominant clonality. Comparison of gene genealogies with a phylogeny inferred from DNA fingerprints and a combined phylogeny of the entire dataset identified convergent or parallel changes in fingerprints. Analysis of the entire data matrix allowed us to resolve patterns of descent among clonal lineages that could not be inferred from fingerprints alone and to discern recent episodes of divergence that were not detected in gene genealogies. Prerequisites for applying this approach to other systems are a haploid context for inferring multiple gene genealogies (such as the mitochondrial genome) that indicate limited recombination and another data matrix that identifies recently evolved genotypes.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2640916.pdf

Patterns of descent in clonal lineages and their multilocus fingerprints are resolved with combined gene genealogies

SUMMARY Pasteurella multocida is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over 135 years of research, the molecular basis for the myriad manifestations of P. multocida pathogenesis and the determinants of P. multocida phylogeny remain poorly defined. The current availability of multiple P. multocida genome sequences now makes it possible to delve into the underlying genetic mechanisms of P. multocida fitness and virulence. Using whole-genome sequences, the genotypes, including the capsular genotypes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes, and multilocus sequence types, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes of P. multocida isolates from different clinical presentations can be characterized rapidly and accurately. Putative genetic factors that contribute to virulence, fitness, host specificity, and disease predilection can also be identified through comparative genome analysis of different P. multocida isolates. However, although some knowledge about genotypes, fitness, and pathogenesis has been gained from the recent whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis studies of P. multocida, there is still a long way to go before we fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this important zoonotic pathogen. The quality of several available genome sequences is low, as they are assemblies with relatively low coverage, and genomes of P. multocida isolates from some uncommon host species are still limited or lacking. Here, we review recent advances, as well as continuing knowledge gaps, in our understanding of determinants contributing to virulence, fitness, host specificity, disease predilection, and phylogeny of P. multocida.

Pasteurella multocida: Genotypes and genomics

The nonfermenting bacteria belonging to Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are capable of colonizing both humans and animals and can also be opportunistic pathogens. More specifically, the species Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been recurrently reported as multidrug-resistant and even pandrug-resistant in clinical isolates. Both species were categorized among the ESKAPE pathogens, ESKAPE standing for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. These six pathogens are the major cause of nosocomial infections in the United States and are a threat all over the world because of their capacity to become increasingly resistant to all available antibiotics. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa are both intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics due to complementary mechanisms, the main ones being the low permeability of their outer membrane, the production of the AmpC beta-lactamase, and the production of several efflux systems belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division family. In addition, they are both capable of acquiring multiple resistance determinants, such as beta-lactamases or carbapenemases. Even if such enzymes have rarely been identified in bacteria of animal origin, they may sooner or later spread to this reservoir. The goal of this article is to give an overview of the resistance phenotypes described in these pathogens and to provide a comprehensive analysis of all data that have been reported on Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from animal hosts.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

Outbreaks of Salmonella Dublin infections were recorded in 25 Danish mink and fox farms. All farms suffered extensive disease problems; clinical and pathological observations included abortion, stillbirths, necrotizing endometritis, and increased mortality. By genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and amplified fragment length polymorphism, all isolates of S. Dublin had indistinguishable patterns. The outbreaks took place during April and May, around the time of whelping. During this period, mink are particularly susceptible to Salmonella infections. All affected farms were served by the same feed factory and it was concluded that a batch of contaminated feed was responsible for the outbreaks, although repeated culture of feed samples collected during the same period were negative. No other likely source could be identified. The results emphasize the importance of strict hygiene measures at feed factories and the proper use of ingredients of known Salmonella status, in particular during the whelping season. Infected mink farms did not have a higher risk of outbreak of salmonellosis in the year following the outbreak.

Outbreak of Salmonella Dublin-associated abortion in Danish fur farms

Comparison of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from mink by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

In 1996, an epizootic occurred among wintering and breeding common eiders Somateria mollissima in southwest Kattegat, Denmark, causing the death of at least 900 birds during late winter, and of a total of 3,146 females in five local breeding colonies, corresponding to 35-95% of the females present within the single colonies. The cause of death was related to a bacterial infection by Pasteurella multocida isolated from all examined eiders collected on wintering and breeding grounds. This is the first documented incidence of pasteurellosis in Scandinavia. Based on knowledge of the phenology and winter distribution of eiders, the temporal occurrence of the disease suggests that apparently healthy birds acted as carriers of the disease bringing it from the wintering grounds to the breeding colonies.

Outbreak of Pasteurellosis among Wintering and Breeding Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in Denmark

Today's Dielectric Electro Active Polymer (DEAP) actuators utilize high voltage (HV) in the range of kilo volts to fully
stress the actuator The requirement of HV is a drawback for the general use in the industry due to safety concerns and
HV regulations
In order to avoid the HV interface to DEAP actuators, a low voltage solution is developed by integrating the driver
electronic into a 110 mm tall cylindrical coreless Push InLastor actuator To decrease the size of the driver, a
piezoelectric transformer (PT) based solution is utilized The PT is essentially an improved Rosen type PT with
interleaved sections Furthermore, the PT is optimized for an input voltage of 24 V with a gain high enough to achieve a
DEAP voltage of 25 kV The PT is simulated and verified through measurements on a working prototype With the
adapted hysteretic based control system; output voltage wave forms of both impulse response and sinusoidal shapes up to
25 kV are demonstrated The control system, together with a carefully designed HV output stage, contributes to low
power consumption at a static DEAP force The HV stage consists of a HV measurement circuit and a triple diode
voltage doubler optimized for low leakage current drawn from the DEAP
As a result, a 95 mm x 13 mm x 7 mm driver is integrated in a 110 mm x 32 mm actuator, forming a low voltage
interfaced DEAP actuator

Low voltage driven dielectric electro active polymer actuator with integrated piezoelectric transformer based driver

A fungal minisatellite.

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