List of Contributors.- Chapter Reviewers.- Foreword.- List of Acronyms.- Acknowledgements.- Part A: Smallholder Tree Growing: Introduction. 1. Smallholder tree growing in South and Southeast Asia D.J. Snelder, R.D. Lasco.- Part B: Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development: Practices and Adoption - The Philippines. 2. Smallholder tree growing in Philippine back yards: homegarden characteristics in different environmental settings D.J. Snelder.- 3. Tree growing on farms in Northeast Luzon (The Philippines): smallholders' motivations and other determinants for adopting agroforestry systems S.H.G. Schuren, D.J. Snelder.- Examples from Other Asian Countries. 4. Dudukuhan tree farming systems in West Java: how to mobilize self-strengthening of community-based forest management? G.E.S. Manurung et al.- 5. The adoption of smallholder rubber production by shifting cultivators in Northern Laos: a village case study V. Manivong, R.A. Cramb.- 6. Agroforestation of grasslands in Southeast Asia: WaNuLCAS model scenarios for shade-based Imperata control during tree establishment M. Van Noordwijk et al.- Part C: Smallholder Tree Growing for the Market: Economics, Policies and Institutes - The Philippines. 7. Over-regulated and under-marketed: smallholders and the wood economy in Isabela, the Philippines A.B. Masipiquena et al.- 8. Can smallholder tree farmers help revive the timber industry in deforested tropical countries? A case study from southern Philippines M. Bertomeu.- 9. The reforestation value chain for the Philippines R.D. Lasco.- 10. The potential of sustainable forestry certification for smallholder tree growing H.A. Udo de Haes et al.- Examples from Other AsianCountries. 11. Exploring the agroforestry adoption gap: financial and socioeconomics of Litchi-based agroforestry by smallholders in Rajshahi (Bangladesh) S.A. Rahman et al.- 12. Growing 'the wood of the gods': agarwood production in Southeast Asia G.A. Persoon, H. Heuveling van Beek.- 13. Local vulnerability, project risk, and intractable debt: the politics of smallholder Eucalyptus promotion in Salavane Province, Southern Laos K. Barney.- Part D: Smallholder Tree Growing for Environmental Services: Practices and Potentials - The Philippines. 14. Improving productivity, profitability and sustainability of degraded grasslands through tree-based land use systems in the Philippines C.D. Predo, H.A. Francisco.- 15. Restoration of Philippine native forests by smallholder tree farmers E.L. Tolentino, Jr.- 16. Human-altered tree-based habitats and their value in conserving bird and bat diversity in Northeast Luzon, the Philippines M. Van Weerd, D.J. Snelder.- 17. From principles to numbers: approaches in implementing payments for environmental services (PES) in the Philippines R.D. Lasco et al.- Examples from Other Asian Countries. 18. Values and services of nitrogen-fixing alder based cardamom agroforestry systems in the eastern Himalaya E. Sharma et al.- 19. Perceptions of ethnic minorities on tree growing for environmental services in Thailand M. Hares.- Part E: Smallholder Tree Growing: Potentials and Challenges. 20. Farmer tree planting barriers to sustainable forest management M. Van Noordwijk et al.- 21. Future challenge: a paradigm shift in the forestry sector J.M. Roshetko et al.-

/pdf/smallholder-tree-growing-for-rural-development-and-17nxeb9leh.pdf

Smallholder tree growing for rural development and environmental services : lessons from Asia

http://sourcedb.xtbg.cas.cn/zw/lw/201304/P020130424562115426275.pdf

Developing indicators of economic value and biodiversity loss for rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, southwest China: A case study from Menglun township

In Northern Laos, as elsewhere in the Southeast Asian uplands, there is an agricultural transition underway from subsistence production based on shifting cultivation to commercial production based on tree crops. In response to demand from China, rubber smallholdings are being established by shifting cultivators in Northern Laos, encouraged by government land-use policy. We examine the bio-economics of smallholder rubber production in an established rubber-growing village and model the likely expansion of smallholder rubber in Northern Laos. Data were obtained from key informants, group interviews, direct observation, and a farm-household survey. Latex yields were estimated using the Bioeconomic Rubber Agroforestry Support System (BRASS). A financial model was developed to estimate the net present value for a representative rubber smallholding. This model was then combined with spatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) to predict the likely expansion of rubber based on resource quality and accessibility. Implications are drawn for upland development in the region.

/pdf/economics-of-smallholder-rubber-expansion-in-northern-laos-4nkru2wnc9.pdf

Economics of smallholder rubber expansion in Northern Laos

Objectives: the main objective of this study is to characterize the weed floristic diversity of the Bongo rubber trees plantation and to provide a map for sustainable weed management Methodology and results: a floristic survey of the Para rubber plantations of Bongo (Southeast Cote d’Ivoire) was conducted in 2007 and early 2008. The field tour method was used for weed inventory in 27 plots of 25 ha of different ages. Moreover, the coverage rate of weeds was estimated in samples of 100 square meters each for every plot. Weeds flora is composed of 168 species scattered in the entire rubber trees plantation. These species were distributed in 63 families and 140 genera. The eleven most representative botanical families, constituting more than the half of the flora (50 % of the species), are Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Amaranthaceae, Mimosaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Commelinaceae. Weeds’ mapping was established and illustrated by 4 main weed groups in relation with the stage of rubber trees development. For the plantations of 1 and 2 years old, weeds were dominated by leguminous cover crop Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Weed species really begin to establish in the plantation from 8 to 12 years old with appearance of species such as Palisota hirsuta (Thumb.) Engl. and Aneilema beniniense Kunth. Fields of 13 to 23 years old are covered at about 83.5% by Palisota hirsuta (Thumb.) Engl. Conclusion and application of results: The weed mapping will assist in weed management Key words : weeds, floristic study, planting year, mapping

/pdf/characterization-of-weed-flora-in-rubber-trees-plantations-4yht2yfy4u.pdf

Characterization of weed flora in rubber trees plantations of Bongo (Côte d’Ivoire)

This paper provides an assessment of the potential for small-holder agro-forestry projects to be competitive in markets for carbon emission reduction credits, and explores the ways in which small-holder participation in such markets may be facilitated. The paper begins with an overview of the issue of global warming and the role of carbon sinks in mitigating climate change. Then an economic model of the carbon emission reduction (CER) market is presented, which includes the impact of transactions costs. An in-depth survey of the economic literature on transactions costs and their implications in the design of markets for CER follows. An assessment of the emission abatement and transaction costs likely to be associated with smallholder agro-forestry projects is presented, based on case study information from Latin America and Indonesia. The paper concludes with policy recommendations on how to design carbon sequestration projects to benefit small-holders and suggests institutional reforms which will be necessary for reducing the transactions costs associated with small-holder participation in the market. The paper also includes a detailed annex with information on carbon sequestration projects involving small-holders which are already under implementation.

Smallholder agroforestry projects: Potential for carbon sequestration and poverty alleviation

This paper details changes to the BEAM models, RRYIELD and RRECON, which are two of a series of bioeconomic models developed by the Bioeconomic Agroforestry Modelling (BEAM) project. The RRYIELD model deals with the biophysical components of a rubber-based agroforestry system. It focuses on the changes in output (latex, wood and intercropped annual and perennial crops) in response to a number of bioclimatic, topographic and silvicultural variables. Outputs are measured annually over the life of the plantation. The RRYEILD model is linked to an economic model RRECON used to determine the economic returns from a rubber plantation. The two models are used in combination as an extension and research tool to supply farmers or researchers with information on the viability of alternative rubber intercropping systems. The original model was developed for large estates and government plantations. The changes outlined in this report aimed to make the model more applicable to smallholders in Imperata infested areas of Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. These modifications were made progressively and were documented in a series of five papers. They are now presented here together in a single paper.

Modified BEAM Rubber Agroforestry Models: RRYIELD and RRECON

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Modified BEAM Rubber Agroforestry Models: RRYIELD and RRECON