https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/10279.pdf

Global food waste across the income spectrum: Implications for food prices, production and resource use

An applied general equilibrium model is used to assess the impact of multilateral trade liberalisation in agriculture, with particular emphasis on developing countries. We use original data, and the model includes some specific features such as a dual labour market. Applied tariffs, including those under preferential regimes and regional agreements, are taken into account at the detailed product level, together with the corresponding bound tariffs on which countries negotiate. The various types of farm support are detailed, and several groups of developing countries are distinguished. Simulations give a contrasted picture of the benefits developing countries would draw from the Doha development round. The results suggest that previous studies have neglected preferential agreements and the binding overhang (in tariffs as well as domestic support), and have treated developing countries with a high level of aggregation and been excessively optimistic about the actual benefits of multilateral trade liberalisation. Regions like sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to suffer from the erosion of existing preferences. The main gainers of the Doha Round are likely to be developed countries and Cairns Group members.

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Multilateral Agricultural Trade Liberalization: The Contrasting Fortunes of Developing Countries in the Doha Round

Improving market access in industrial countries and retaining preferences have been Africa's two key objectives in the Doha Round trade negotiations. This paper argues that African negotiators may have overlooked the potential market access gains in developing countries, where trade barriers remain relatively high and demand for African imports has expanded substantially over the past decades. As reductions in most-favored-nation tariffs in industrial countries will inevitably lead to preference erosion, African countries need to ensure that the Doha Round leads to liberalization in all sectors by all World Trade Organization (WTO) members, so that the resulting gains will offset any losses. Such an outcome is more likely if African countries also offer to liberalize their own trade regimes and focus on reciprocal liberalization as a negotiation strategy rather on preferential and differential treatment.

Africa in the Doha Round: Dealing with Preference Erosion and Beyond

The European Union (EU) and India are currently negotiating a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) and investment framework. There is an ongoing debate as to whether the EU-India FTA will act as a building block for the trading partners. This article addresses the broader concerns about compatibility; prospects of and the challenges to the proposed EU-India FTA; identifies the building and stumbling blocks in the ongoing negotiations; and suggests a way forward from a policy perspective. The findings suggest that to maximize the potential benefits of this FTA, trade barriers (tariff and non-tariff) in goods and services sectors should be addressed. This must be complemented by a mutually agreeable time frame to conclude negotiations in areas where interests of the partners vary.

EU-India Free Trade Agreement Deal or No Deal?

Economies of scale are an alternative source of growth particularly at a time when countries are suffering from global economic malaise. The proposed EU-India free trade agreement holds substantial promise as this will create a combined market of over one and a half billion and generate economies of scale from intra-industry trade, which are likely to be concentrated in manufactured products such as chemicals, machinery and transport equipment. Bold action is needed on the part of politicians in both the EU and India to successfully negotiate the agreement given that this will enable both countries to reap the efficiency gains of global economies of scale, provide a significant competitive advantage over other major economies and deliver the necessary spur to shake both the EU and India out of their current economic stagnation.

Global economies of scale in the EU-India trade agreement: are they the key to a return to economic growth?

This report analyses the effects of a regional trade agreement (FTA) between the EU and India, for which negotiations are underway. The study starts with abrief overview of the key insights from the existing literature on FTAs and their relationship with multilateral negotiations. The remainder of the study is devoted to analysing the impact of tariff slashes under an FTA on merchandise trade between the EU and India. Of particular interest are the implications for agricultural markets, given the tension between agricultural liberalisation and India's policy goals relating to self-sufficiency in food grains and poverty reduction. The analysis employs GTAP, a global general equilibrium model using a recent database which has 2004 as its reference year. The results suggest that India's interests in a regional trade agreement with the EU are downplayed by the fact that India's economy is not well integrated in global markets. Impacts on the EU are minor and further reduced if a Doha agreement is in place when the FTA is implemented. Results indicate the rationale for a strongly asymmetric arrangement: it would be in the interest of both partners if the EU provides large concessions to India for market access, while India maintains the bulk of current border protection. An EU - India FTA delivers little scope for achieving efficiency gains via adjustments to the pattern of international specialisation. An EU - India agreement on merchandise trade is unlikely to embody substantial preferential treatment with regard to market access. Probably, India can find more suitable FTA partners. Agriculture is a key sector for India in the consideration of equity and growth purposes of a FTA with EU.

/pdf/eu-india-free-trade-agreement-a-quantitative-assessment-4ym4z3grsy.pdf

EU - India free trade agreement:A quantitative assessment

Starting from the 'July 2004 package', this study assesses the Indonesian interests in the agricultural negotiations under the WTO Doha Development Agenda. It applies a large-scale economic model of trade and production (GTAP). For Indonesian agriculture, global liberalisation bears positive prospects for vegetable oils and for animal products, and small adverse impacts on the protected rice and sugar sectors. The paper explores several policy instruments, including 'special products' for developing countries, in relation to policy objectives such as self-sufficiency in sugar, and the stabilisation of farm income.

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Indonesian interests in the agricultural negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda

This study provides a quantitative estimate of the potential economic consequences of multilateral trade reform under the WTO for Africa using a framework that explicitly incorporates issues of concern to the region, such as preference erosion, loss of tariff revenue, and trade facilitation. It also examines the impact of OECD agricultural support programmes on economic welfare and specialisation in Africa. In the static version of the GTAP model, the study finds that full liberalization of trade would increase global welfare (income) by 0.3 per cent, but would add 0.7 per cent annually to income in the African region. Sub-Saharan Africa and, to a lesser extent, Southern Africa, are vulnerable to partial reforms as they incur losses from partial reform while all other regions derive positive gains from a liberalisation of minor scope.

/pdf/trade-liberalisation-under-the-doha-development-agenda-2g8ow2djlq.pdf

Trade Liberalisation under the Doha Development Agenda

This paper provides a quantitative estimate of the potential economic consequences of multilateral trade reform for Africa using a framework that explicitly incorporates issues of concern to the region, such as preference erosion, loss of tariff revenue, and trade facilitation. The results suggest that while African countries would derive modest gains from full liberalization in a static model, the gains are likely to be substantial in a dynamic setting. Furthermore, they suggest that countries in sub-Saharan Africa are likely to incur losses under partial reforms. Since other regions of the world derive positive gains from partial reforms and it is unlikely that there will be complete liberalization in the current round of negotiations, the results underscore the need for development issues to be taken more seriously in the negotiations. More specifically, they stress the need to strengthen special and differential treatment provisions for African countries, and least developed countries in general, to allow them cushion the likely negative impact that may result from partial reforms.

/pdf/consequences-of-the-doha-round-trade-reforms-for-africa-3zoo98e00a.pdf

Consequences of the Doha Round Trade Reforms for Africa

Given estimates of food waste often involve applying fixed factors or shares across different stages of foodles supply chain, missing the factors affecting food waste. We propose a first step in this direction by using an alternative way to impute consumer Food Waste and a firstrong attempt at showing how it might be linked to consumer spending. In the process we derive implications for consumpotion elasticity and policy.

Consumer Food Waste: New estimates and approach

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