http://material.brainworks.uni-freiburg.de/publications-bccn/2009/Ball09_708.pdf

Signal quality of simultaneously recorded invasive and non-invasive EEG.

Objective: To investigate brain areas involved in the initiation and execution of eyelid spasm in patients with benign essential blepharospasm. Methods: The authors used fMRI and correlated the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal with epochs of frequent eyelid spasm in six patients and with epochs of voluntary eye blinks in four healthy subjects. Results: Spasm epochs were accompanied by activation in a subregion of the putamen in all patients, whereas voluntary blinking in healthy subjects was not. Other areas of activation common to patients and healthy subjects included frontal and parietal operculum, supplementary motor area, primary sensorimotor cortex, various visual areas, and the cerebellum. Conclusions: The striatum may be involved in the initiation or execution of eyelid spasm. Future studies, possibly including electromyography (EMG) during fMRI, are needed to detect the sequence and role of other concomitantly activated areas.

Striatal activation during blepharospasm revealed by fMRI

OBJECTIVE To identify blinking-induced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation patterns in five benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) patients and five age-matched control subjects. METHODS fMRI brain activation maps were obtained during repeated conditions of spontaneous and voluntary blinking in BEB and control groups. Blood oxygen level-dependent intensity images were collected from two separate runs as 16 axial and 16 coronal, 8 mm thick slices using a T2-star weighted gradient echo EPI sequence, coregistered with anatomic images. Spatially normalized and isotropically blurred activation maps for each subject were combined within groups of BEB patients and control subjects to generate maps of the intersubject mean fractional signal change.RESULTS Substantially greater activation during spontaneous and voluntary blinking was seen in BEB patients compared with control subjects in the anterior visual cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex, central region of the thalamus, and superior cerebellum. In both groups, activations were generally greater for voluntary than for spontaneous blinking. CONCLUSIONS The activations observed might represent a hyperactive cortical circuit linking visual cortex, limbic system, supplementary motor cortex, cerebellum, and supranuclear motor pathways innervating the periorbital muscles.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with benign essential blepharospasm.

Implementation of visuospatial cues in response selection.

The functional neuroanatomy of coordinated orofacial movements: Sparse sampling fMRI of whistling

Using H 2 15 O positron emission tomography in 6 healthy volunteers, we found that self-initiated and externally cued blinking activated the right primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the rostral SMA showed greater activation during the self-initiated task compared to the externally cued task. This study confirms the hypothesis of right hemispheric lateralization of volitional blinking derived from observations in stroke patients. Furthermore, it underscores the role of DLPFC and rostral SMA in self-initiated movements, which has been found in similar experiments with hand movements.

Right lateralized motor cortex activation during volitional blinking.

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Right lateralized motor cortex activation during volitional blinking.