https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1053/jhep.2001.29401

Chronic hepatitis B

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hep.23190

Chronic hepatitis B: Update 2009

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.22898

The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B is a serious disease that is endemic in many parts of the world. A significant proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are infected with a variant form of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which decreases or abolishes the production of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg). The purpose of this literature review is to describe the epidemiology of HBeAg-negative CHB (e-CHB) worldwide. A literature search was conducted to identify studies pertaining to e-CHB and underlying variants (precore and core promoter). Fifty studies were included in our analysis. The median prevalence of e-CHB among patients with chronic HBV infection was 33% in the Mediterranean, 15% in Asia Pacific, and 14% in the USA and Northern Europe. The pre core stop codon variant was detected in a median of 60% (range 0-100%) of HBeAg-negative patients overall, 92% in the Mediterranean, 50% in Asia Pacific and 24% in the USA and Northern Europe. There were very few data on the prevalence of core promoter variants outside Asia where the median prevalence among HBeAg-negative patients was 77%. This literature review revealed that e-CHB is more common than previously suspected and that it is present worldwide with marked variations in the prevalence of associated HBV variants across different geographical regions. Additional research using population based samples of adequate size based on a consensus definition of e-CHB and using standardized HBV DNA assays is needed to better estimate the true prevalence of e-CHB and its associated HBV variants.

/pdf/world-wide-epidemiology-of-hbeag-negative-chronic-hepatitis-5aqmyvnf2k.pdf

World-wide epidemiology of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and associated precore and core promoter variants

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) leads to a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to self-limited acute or fulminant hepatitis to chronic hepatitis with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection with HBV is one of the most common viral diseases affecting man. Both viral factors as well as the host immune response have been implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of HBV infection. In this review, we will discuss the impact of virus-host interactions for the pathogenesis of HBV infection and liver disease. These interactions include the relevance of naturally occurring viral variants for clinical disease, the role of virus-induced apoptosis for HBV-induced liver cell injury and the impact of antiviral immune responses for outcome of infection.

Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection.

Sensitive method for identification of minor hepatitis B mutant viruses.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(92)90101-4/pdf

Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease

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Sensitive method for identification of minor hepatitis B mutant viruses.

Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease