When two or more people coordinate their actions in space and time to produce a joint outcome, they perform a joint action. The perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes that enable individuals to coordinate their actions with others have been receiving increasing attention during the last decade, complementing earlier work on shared intentionality and discourse. This chapter reviews current theoretical concepts and empirical findings in order to provide a structured overview of the state of the art in joint action research. We distinguish between planned and emergent coordination. In planned coordination, agents' behavior is driven by representations that specify the desired outcomes of joint action and the agent's own part in achieving these outcomes. In emergent coordination, coordinated behavior occurs due to perception action couplings that make multiple individuals act in similar ways, independently of joint plans. We review evidence for the two types of coordination and discuss potential synergies between them.

Psychological Research on Joint Action: Theory and Data

To study the mechanisms of coordination that are fundamental to successful interactions we carried out a joint finger tapping experiment in which pairs of participants were asked to maintain a given beat while synchronizing to an auditory signal coming from the other person or the computer. When both were hearing each other, the pair became a coupled, mutually and continuously adaptive unit of two “hyper-followers”, with their intertap intervals (ITIs) oscillating in opposite directions on a tap-to-tap basis. There was thus no evidence for the emergence of a leader–follower strategy. We also found that dyads were equally good at synchronizing with the irregular, but responsive other as with the predictable, unresponsive computer. However, they performed worse when the “other” was both irregular and unresponsive. We thus propose that interpersonal coordination is facilitated by the mutual abilities to (a) predict the other's subsequent action and (b) adapt accordingly on a millisecond timescale.

/pdf/follow-you-follow-me-continuous-mutual-prediction-and-1wcgaeibrv.pdf

Follow you, follow me: Continuous mutual prediction and adaptation in joint tapping

http://pnfchi.com/fotos/literatura/1233683756.pdf

Action and perception at the level of synergies

Pointing tasks in human-computer interaction obey certain speed-accuracy tradeoff rules. In general, the more accurate the task to be accomplished, the longer it takes and vice versa. Fitts' law models the speed-accuracy tradeoff effect in pointing as imposed by the task parameters, through Fitts' index of difficulty (Id) based on the ratio of the nominal movement distance and the size of the target. Operating with different speed or accuracy biases, performers may utilize more or less area than the target specifies, introducing another subjective layer of speed-accuracy tradeoff relative to the task specification. A conventional approach to overcome the impact of the subjective layer of speed-accuracy tradeoff is to use the a posteriori "effective" pointing precision We in lieu of the nominal target width W. Such an approach has lacked a theoretical or empirical foundation. This study investigates the nature and the relationship of the two layers of speed-accuracy tradeoff by systematically controlling both Id and the index of target utilization Iu in a set of four experiments. Their results show that the impacts of the two layers of speed-accuracy tradeoff are not fundamentally equivalent. The use of We could indeed compensate for the difference in target utilization, but not completely. More logical Fitts' law parameter estimates can be obtained by the We adjustment, although its use also lowers the correlation between pointing time and the index of difficulty. The study also shows the complex interaction effect between Id and Iu, suggesting that a simple and complete model accommodating both layers of speed-accuracy tradeoff may not exist.

Speed-accuracy tradeoff in Fitts' law tasks: on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision

The current study investigated the perception of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and tool-based grasping possibilities. In Experiment 1, participants judged whether they would grasp planks of wood—presented in ascending, descending, and random orders of length—using one hand (1H), two hands (2H), or with a tool that extended their reach (TH). In Experiment 2, participants physically grasped the planks using 1H, 2H, or TH. In Experiments 3 and 4, the choice of TH was replaced with a choice of grasping the planks with another person (2P). The results showed that presentation order influenced the participants’ behavior differently in the judgment and action experiments. The same behavioral patterns, however, were observed when participants switched between 1H and 2H, 2H and TH, and 2H and 2P grasping. The point at which participants judged they would switch between the different modes of grasping, as well as the point at which participants physically switched between the grasping modes, occurred at similar action-scaled ratios. The equivalence of perceiving intrapersonal and interpersonal affordances is discussed.

Judging and actualizing intrapersonal and interpersonal affordances.

Effets de gamme et optimum de difficulté spatiale dans une tâche de pointage de Fitts

Fitts’ Law in Cooperative Two-Person Aiming

The authors investigated 4 variants of a reciprocal Fitts task in which the pointer was moved to a stationary target, the target was moved to a stationary pointer, or both the pointer and the target were moved to each other bimanually; the bimanual task was carried out either by a single person or by a dyad. Fitts's law held in all 4 conditions, with only minor parametric changes. The kinematic organization varied with task difficulty but remained invariant in task space (i.e., in the mutual frame of reference of the pointer-target system) whatever the pointing condition. In the bimanual conditions, the 2 effectors were coordinated in antiphase with compensatory variability. The authors suggest that the observed chronometric and kinematic patterns emerge from an interplay between simple harmonic motion and the stabilizing influence of the informational flow generated by the closing of the gap between the pointer and the target interval.

Two-handed performance of a rhythmical fitts task by individuals and dyads.

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Effets de gamme et optimum de difficulté spatiale dans une tâche de pointage de Fitts

Fitts’ Law in Cooperative Two-Person Aiming

Two-handed performance of a rhythmical fitts task by individuals and dyads.