There are few published reports on canine Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Hepatozoon and haemotropic Mycoplasma infections in India and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (TBD) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in India. On microscopy examination, only Hepatozoon gamonts were observed in twelve out of 525 (2.3%; 95% CI: 1.2, 4) blood smears. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a total of 261 from 525 dogs (49.7%; 95% CI: 45.4, 54.1) in this study were infected with one or more canine tick-borne pathogen. Hepatozoon canis (30%; 95% CI: 26.0, 34.0) was the most common TBD pathogen found infecting dogs in India followed by Ehrlichia canis (20.6%; 95% CI: 17.2, 24.3), Mycoplasma haemocanis (12.2%; 95% CI: 9.5, 15.3), Anaplasma platys (6.5%; 95% CI: 4.5, 8.9), Babesia vogeli (5.5%, 95% CI: 3.7, 7.8) and Babesia gibsoni (0.2%, 95% CI: 0.01, 1.06). Concurrent infection with more than one TBD pathogen occurred in 39% of cases. Potential tick vectors, Rhipicephalus (most commonly) and/or Haemaphysalis ticks were found on 278 (53%) of dogs examined. At least 6 species of canine tick-borne pathogens are present in India. Hepatozoon canis was the most common pathogen and ticks belonging to the genus Rhipicephalus were encountered most frequently. Polymerase chain reaction was more sensitive in detecting circulating pathogens compared with peripheral blood smear examination. As co-infections with canine TBD pathogens were common, Indian veterinary practitioners should be cognisant that the discovery of one such pathogen raises the potential for multiple infections which may warrant different clinical management strategies.

/pdf/a-survey-of-canine-tick-borne-diseases-in-india-18r8lnq514.pdf

A survey of canine tick-borne diseases in India

A systematic review of the health co-benefits of urban climate change adaptation

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. IL-17 and Th17 responses are increased in children infected with HRSV and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is genetically closely related to HRSV and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. While BRSV infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection with HRSV, IL-17 and Th17 responses have not been studied in the bovine. Here we demonstrate that calves infected with BRSV express significant levels of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22; and both CD4 T cells and γδ T cells contribute to this response. In addition to causing significant morbidity from uncomplicated infections, BRSV infection also contributes to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a leading cause of morbidity in both beef and dairy cattle. BRDC is caused by a primary viral infection, followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia by pathogens such as Mannheimia haemolytica. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo infection with M. haemolytica results in increased expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. We have also developed an in vitro model of BRDC and show that co-infection of PBMC with BRSV followed by M. haemolytica leads to significantly exacerbated IL-17 production, which is primarily mediated by IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that calves, like humans, mount a robust IL-17 response during RSV infection; and suggest a previously unrecognized role for IL-17 and γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of BRDC.

/pdf/bovine-gamma-delta-t-cells-contribute-to-exacerbated-il-17-1tmyomk83h.pdf

Bovine Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to Exacerbated IL-17 Production in Response to Co-Infection with Bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica.

▪ Nacido en Cartagena (Murcia), en noviembre de 1954. ▪ Licenciado en Ciencias Químicas por la Universidad de Murcia, Catedrático de Física y Química, Divulgador Científico freelance, Escritor, y Conferenciante. ▪ Con 35 años de experiencia docente, ejerciendo como profesor. ▪ A lo largo de su dilatada carrera docente, ha desempeñado cargos de responsabilidad en la gestión de Centros Escolares, tales como Director (7 años), Jefe de Estudios (2 años), Jefe de Departamento de Física y Química (20 años), miembro del Consejo Escolar de Instituto y miembro del Consejo del Centro de Profesores y Recursos de Cartagena (11 años). ▪ Presentación de comunicaciones y ponencias en 28 Congresos, Jornadas y Seminarios. ▪ Ha sido durante 13 años tutor del segundo ciclo del curso de Aptitud Pedagógica de Educación Secundaria, organizado por el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación, de la Universidad de Murcia y la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. ▪ También ha sido, durante 1 año, tutor de la fase de prácticas del Máster de Profesor de Educación Secundaria, organizado por el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación, de la Universidad de Murcia.

Curriculum Vitae for

Equine lymphoma: Equine lymphoma

Blackwell's Five‐Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, Canine and Feline

A 14-year-old spayed American Paint mare was evaluated for mild colic, anorexia, pyrexia, and pancytopenia. Physical examination revealed mild tachycardia, tachypnea, and pale mucous membranes. Serial laboratory analyses revealed progressive pancytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and hyperglobulinemia. A few large atypical cells were observed in peripheral blood smears. Results of tests for equine infectious anemia and antipenicillin antibody were negative. Serum protein electrophoresis indicated a polyclonal gammopathy. Smears of bone marrow aspirates contained hypercellular particles, but cell lines could not be identified because the cells were karyolytic, with pale basophilic smudged nuclei and lack of cellular detail. A diagnosis of bone marrow necrosis was made. Treatment consisted of antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids. The pyrexia resolved; however, the pancytopenia progressively worsened and petechiation and epistaxis developed. The horse was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a diffuse round cell neoplasm infiltrating the kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, and bone marrow. Immunophenotyping results (CD3+, CD79alpha-) indicated the neoplastic cells were of T-cell lineage. Infiltration of lymphoma cells into the bone marrow appeared to have resulted in severe myelophthisis and bone marrow necrosis. Bone marrow necrosis has been associated previously with lymphoma in humans and dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of lymphoma resulting in bone marrow necrosis in a horse.

Bone marrow necrosis and myelophthisis: manifestations of T-cell lymphoma in a horse.

Phaeohyphomycosis is a rare but emerging disease caused by dematiaceous fungi. Here we describe the case of an immunosuppressed dog with disseminated phaeohyphomycosis secondary to Bipolaris spicifera infection. Regionally extensive infiltration of the paw pads, skin, myocardium, liver, renal interstitium and diaphragm was identified on histopathology. Candida glabrata and Fusarium oxysporum were also cultured from multiple sites post-mortem. The dog was treated with fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and liposomal amphotericin B, but was euthanized due to its poor prognosis after 12 days of therapy.

Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a dog

Leukotoxin (LKT) is a virulence factor for Mannheimia haemolytica. In this study, bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) were challenged with wild type (wt) and LKT deficient (lkt−) M. haemolytica at a concentration of 1 bacterium/BAM and the cytokine response was quantified by ELISA and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Significant increases in protein concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 were observed in supernatants obtained from BAMs challenged with the lkt− strain of M. haemolytica compared with wt challenged BAMs. There were no significant differences in mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1s, IL-6, IL-8 or IL-10 between BAMs challenged with the lkt− strain of M. haemolytica compared with wt challenged BAMs. BAMs challenged with the wt strain exhibited, on average, 43% more cytotoxicity than lkt− challenged BAMs (P

Cytotoxicity and cytokine production by bovine alveolar macrophages challenged with wild type and leukotoxin-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe clinical and diagnostic findings in cats with bone and joint disease associated with histoplasmosis.MethodsMedical records from between 2011 and 2017...

Feline histoplasmosis presenting with bone and joint involvement: clinical and diagnostic findings in 25 cats.

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