Two Asian longhorn beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis, are among the most serious alien invasive species attacking forest and urban trees, both in North America and Europe. Major efforts have been put into preventing further entry and establishment of the two species as well as promoting their successful eradication. Here, we review these efforts, their progress and outcome, and scientific advancements in monitoring and control methods. The combined international activities and harmonizing legislative changes in detection and eradication methods have proven worthwhile, with more than 45% of eradication programmes successful in the last 12 years. Some countries were able to completely eradicate all populations and others managed to reduce the area affected. Although the costs of the eradication programmes can be very high, the benefits outweigh inaction. Attempts to eradicate A. chinensis have been more challenging in comparison with those targeting A. glabripennis. For both species, efforts are hampered by the ongoing arrival of new beetles, both from their native regions in Asia and from other invaded regions via bridgehead effects. The methods used for eradication have not changed much during the last decade, and host removal is still the method most commonly used. On the other hand, detection methods have diversified during the last decade with advances in semiochemical research and use of detection dogs. The next decade will determine if eradications continue to be successful, particularly in the case of A. chinensis, which has been targeted in some countries for containment instead of eradication.

/pdf/preventing-invasions-of-asian-longhorn-beetle-and-citrus-1ji53m1nqm.pdf

Preventing invasions of Asian longhorn beetle and citrus longhorn beetle: are we on the right track?

Cerambycid and buprestid woodborers are important invasive forest pests. Parasitoids play a unique role in reducing woodborer populations because of their specific adaptations regarding host concealment. We reviewed parasitoid guilds of cerambycid and buprestid woodborers to characterize their life-history traits and macroecological patterns of host use. The parasitoid guilds shift from more specialist endoparasitoids to more generalist ectoparasitoids following the hosts’ ontogeny and the increased concealment of host feeding niche. Larval ectoparasitoids dominate the guilds, and many of them locate hosts through substrate vibration from living hosts, rendering attacked (paralyzed) hosts undetectable by other parasitoids and consequently leading to a rarity of multiparasitism. These characteristics promote novel associations between exotic woodborers and extant larval parasitoids, leading to coexistence and synergistic regulation of host populations by different parasitoids. We provide case studies to propose a framework of optimal use of co-evolved and novel associations for complementary suppression of invasive woodborer populations. We also discuss potential non-target impacts for the use of generalist parasitoids in biological control of invasive cerambycid and buprestid woodborers.

Exploring the potential for novel associations of generalist parasitoids for biological control of invasive woodboring beetles

Assessing the host range of the North American parasitoid Ontsira mellipes: Potential for biological control of Asian longhorned beetle

Spread and phenology of Spathius galinae and Tetrastichus planipennisi, recently introduced for biocontrol of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the Northeastern United States

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is a forestry pest found worldwide. A. glabripennis causes serious harm because of the lack of natural enemies in the invaded areas. Dastarcus helophoroides and Dendrocopos major are important natural enemies of A. glabripennis. MaxEnt was used to simulate the distribution of D. helophoroides and D. major in China, and their suitable areas were superimposed to pinpoint which regions are potentially appropriate to release or establish natural enemy populations under current and future conditions. The results showed that, with climate change, the suitable areas of D. helophoroides and D. major migrated northward; the centroid shift of A. glabripennis was greater than those of D. helophoroides and D. major. From current conditions to 2090, the suitable area of A. glabripennis, D. helophoroides, and D. major will increase by 1.44 × 104, 20.10 × 104, and 31.64 × 104 km2, respectively. Northern China (e.g., Xinjiang, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia), where A. glabripennis causes more serious damage, is also a potentially suitable area for D. helophoroides and D. major, and this provides a potential strategy for the management of A. glabripennis. Therefore, we suggest that natural enemies should be included in the model used for predicting suitable areas for invasive pests. 

/pdf/predicting-distribution-of-the-asian-longhorned-beetle-4j42928s.pdf

Predicting Distribution of the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Its Natural Enemies in China

We describe approaches to addressing the perennial challenge of collecting a sufficient diversity of nontarget insects for host-specificity testing of candidate biocontrol agents of invasive wood-borers such as the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Multifunnel and intercept traps, retrofitted to maintain live insects and baited with cerambycid-specific pheromone lures, were deployed in diverse forests in southeastern Massachusetts We collected 1,288 adult beetles comprising 56 species, mostly from the subfamilies targeted by the lures (Cerambycinae and Lamiinae) The type of trap and tree species in which the trap was hung did not seem to affect the species caught Methods used to induce egg laying and techniques to rear cerambycid larvae are described Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is the most common Asian longhorned beetle parasitoid in China; therefore, we conducted tests to determine whether cerambycids native to North America would be at risk should this species be released D helophoroides attacked all six species tested: Monochamus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), Monochamus notatus (Drury) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), Apriona rugicollis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), Graphisurus fasciatus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), and Neoclytus acuminatus (F) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) Parasitism of native cerambycids was not statistically different from parasitism of Asian longhorned beetle, except for N acuminatus, which is a considerably smaller species than Asian longhorned beetle, and for M notatus and M scutellatus, which attack pine trees rather than hardwood trees like Asian longhorned beetle and the other native species tested Our testing indicates that many native cerambycids would be vulnerable to D helophoroides and we conclude that D helophoroides should not be considered for release as a biocontrol agent in North America

Collecting Nontarget Wood-Boring Insects for Host-Specificity Testing of Natural Enemies of Cerambycids: A Case Study of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is one of the most serious forest pests in the United States. Ongoing research indicates that establishment of larval parasitoids depends upon the season-long availability of host stages susceptible to parasitism. We monitored emerald ash borer overwintering stages at 90 sites across 22 states to: 1) produce a model of the percentage of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae; 2) link that model to establishment of Tetrastichus planipennisi; and 3) explore changes to our model under climate change scenarios. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) is an important predictor of the proportion of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae (1-4 instar larvae under the bark; available to parasitoids emerging in spring) versus J-larvae (fourth-instar larvae in pupal chambers in the outer wood; unavailable to parasitoids). From north to south, the availability of non-J emerald ash borer larvae in the spring decreases as accumulated GDD increases. In areas where the model predicted >46-75%, >30-46%, >13-30%, or ≤13% of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae, the probability of establishment of T. planipennisi was 92%, 67%, 57%, and 21%, respectively. We determined that 13% of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae was the lowest threshold for expected T. planipennisi establishment. Additional modeling predicts that under climate change, establishment of T. planipennisi will be most affected in the Central United States, with areas that are currently suitable becoming unsuitable. Our results provide a useful tool for the emerald ash borer biological control program on how to economically and successfully deploy emerald ash borer biological control agents.

Host Overwintering Phenology and Climate Change Influence the Establishment of Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Larval Parasitoid Introduced for Biocontrol of the Emerald Ash Borer.

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Collecting Nontarget Wood-Boring Insects for Host-Specificity Testing of Natural Enemies of Cerambycids: A Case Study of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Host Overwintering Phenology and Climate Change Influence the Establishment of Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Larval Parasitoid Introduced for Biocontrol of the Emerald Ash Borer.