This book, written by two major figures in adaptive control, provides a wealth of material for researchers, practitioners, and students. While some researchers in adaptive control may note the absence of a particular topic, the book‘s scope represents a high-gain instrument. It can be used by designers of control systems to enhance their work through the information on many new theoretical developments, and can be used by mathematical control theory specialists to adapt their research to practical needs. The book is strongly recommended to anyone interested in adaptive control.

Adaptive Control

The significant benefits associated with microgrids have led to vast efforts to expand their penetration in electric power systems. Although their deployment is rapidly growing, there are still many challenges to efficiently design, control, and operate microgrids when connected to the grid, and also when in islanded mode, where extensive research activities are underway to tackle these issues. It is necessary to have an across-the-board view of the microgrid integration in power systems. This paper presents a review of issues concerning microgrids and provides an account of research in areas related to microgrids, including distributed generation, microgrid value propositions, applications of power electronics, economic issues, microgrid operation and control, microgrid clusters, and protection and communications issues.

State of the Art in Research on Microgrids: A Review

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Artificial intelligence in sustainable energy industry: Status Quo, challenges and opportunities

This paper presents a low power boost converter for thermoelectric energy harvesting that demonstrates an efficiency that is 15% higher than the state-of-the-art for voltage conversion ratios above 20. This is achieved by utilizing a technique allowing synchronous rectification in the discontinuous conduction mode. A low-power method for input voltage monitoring is presented. The low input voltage requirements allow operation from a thermoelectric generator powered by body heat. The converter, fabricated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, operates from input voltages ranging from 20 mV to 250 mV while supplying a regulated 1 V output. The converter consumes 1.6 (1.1) μW of quiescent power, delivers up to 25 (175) μW of output power, and is 46 (75)% efficient for a 20 mV and 100 mV input, respectively.

A 20 mV Input Boost Converter With Efficient Digital Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Complementary features of batteries and supercapacitors can be effectively used in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The utilization of the HESS in electric vehicles (EVs) offers many advantages, such as efficient regenerative braking, battery safety, and improved vehicle acceleration. In this paper, a new regenerative braking system (RBS) is proposed for EVs with HESS and driven by brushless DC (BLDC) motor. During regenerative braking, the BLDC acts as a generator. Hence, by using an appropriate switching algorithm, the dc-link voltage is boosted and the energy is transferred to the supercapacitor or the battery through the inverter. The harvested energy can be utilized to improve the vehicle acceleration and/or keep the battery pack from deep discharging while driving uphill. To provide a reliable and smooth brake, braking force distribution is realized through an artificial neural network. Simultaneously, the braking current is adjusted by a PI controller for constant torque braking. To evaluate the performance of the proposed RBS, different simulations and experiments are carried out. The results confirm high capability of the proposed RBS.

An Efficient Regenerative Braking System Based on Battery/Supercapacitor for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles With BLDC Motor

High-voltage battery pack and charger structure are the main concerns of the electric vehicle (EV) developments. To achieve required voltage and power in propulsion systems, cascading battery stacks is essential. However, due to small discrepancies between different cells, charge imbalance occurs. Charge imbalance reduces battery cells life cycle, accessible energy, and system performance. Hence, charge equalization among battery stacks is necessary. Furthermore, EVs should have some essential requirements to provide desired contributions in future networks. Therefore, bidirectional power flow and reactive power control are other important capabilities of the battery charger system. In this paper, a bidirectional structure with two operation modes for a modular battery stack is developed. The developed structure has active and reactive control capabilities during grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid operations. To improve the battery system performance, a modular charge equalizer circuit (CEC) for both operation modes is developed. The modular configuration of the battery stack improves the system reliability and flexibility. Moreover, the overall system performance for the CEC and converter is improved by utilizing the integrated control strategy. Performance of the proposed structure is evaluated using simulations and laboratory experiments. The results confirm the capability of the proposed structure.

A Bidirectional Battery Charger With Modular Integrated Charge Equalization Circuit

DC microgrids have some attractive characteristics, which have being investigated to utilize in future electrical power systems. However, they have several essential challenges, such as limiting and interrupting fault current, which should be rectified to have high-performance dc microgrids. In this paper, an efficient dc bidirectional fault current limiter and interrupter (FCLI) based on Z-source topology is proposed to overcome some of the challenges in dc microgrids. The FCLI is a multifunction device, by which power flow direction control, circuit breaking, fault current limiting, and interrupting in a dc system can be handled. Analytical analysis of the FCLI is discussed in detail for different operation modes. Performance of the proposed FCLI in the different operation modes is evaluated using some simulations and experiments. The results confirm high capability of the device to realize appropriate operation in dc systems. Fast response time of fault current limitation and interruption, simple and reliable structure, and negligible conduction loss are the main features of the proposed FCLI.

A Z-Source-Based Bidirectional DC Circuit Breaker With Fault Current Limitation and Interruption Capabilities

Increased fault current level may exceed the rating of the existing network's equipment and disrupt coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs). Introduction of new dispersed generation (DG) units in a grid connected microgrid is the main reason for increasing the fault current level. To overcome the above-mentioned problems, fault current limiters (FCLs) can be utilized between the microgrid (downstream) and main grid (upstream). Most FCLs have a bidirectional current limiting function. Whereas in the case of a fault in downstream, it is advised to disable the FCL in order to prevent some problems occurring in the microgrid. Power quality (PQ) and reliability of the microgrid as well as coordination between the upstream and downstream OCRs are affected by the bidirectional FCL in case of fault in downstream. In this paper a unidirectional fault current limiter (UFCL) is proposed to achieve a proper interaction between the upstream and downstream. During the fault condition in the main network, the UFCL acts normally; however, in case of fault occurrence or heavy load startup in downstream, the UFCL is disabled to avoid the aforementioned problems in the microgrid. Several simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the UFCL.

Unidirectional Fault Current Limiter: An Efficient Interface Between the Microgrid and Main Network

Power switches and electrolytic capacitors are the most vulnerable components in the power electronic converters. Any failure in these components may result in severe damages, if no remedial action is employed. Prior to any remedy, the first step is fault diagnosis. In this paper, a new type of Rogowski coil sensor is proposed. The sensor captures the inductor current derivative, which contains suitable signatures for switch fault diagnosis and capacitor lifetime monitoring in nonisolated single-switch dc–dc converters. Using the captured signal, detection of switch open-circuit and short-circuit faults is realized by a simple logic circuit. Furthermore, a new capacitor lifetime monitoring technique is proposed, which employs this signal for calculating equivalent series resistance of the capacitor. The proposed sensor has some remarkable advantages. Due to its nonmagnetic core, the problem related to nonlinear response of magnetic cores at high frequencies will not be encountered. Furthermore, the proposed cost-efficient approach can be easily implemented even for already fabricated converters. The performance of the proposed sensor is evaluated using some finite-element simulations and experiments for a buck converter. The results confirm the capabilities of the sensor for switch fault diagnosis and capacitor lifetime monitoring in nonisolated single-switch dc–dc converters.

Application of an Efficient Rogowski Coil Sensor for Switch Fault Diagnosis and Capacitor ESR Monitoring in Nonisolated Single-Switch DC–DC Converters

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