Correlation between the abundance of yeast transfer RNAs and the occurrence of the respective codons in protein genes: Differences in synonymous codon choice patterns of yeast and Escherichia coli with reference to the abundance of isoaccepting transfer RNAs

We determined the nature of the fourth nucleotide from the 3′-end of several Escherichia coli tRNAs, and tabulated these results with the same data for all known tRNA sequences We find a striking constancy of the fourth nucleotide in tRNAs specific for a given amino acid Furthermore, tRNAs specific for chemically related amino acids are very likely to have the same nucleotide at the fourth position 

One possible explanation for these regularities is the “discriminator” hypothesis: The code by which tRNA is recognized by its cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is logically hierarchical, with the fourth nucleotide serving as a primary “discriminator” site to subdivide the tRNAs into groups for recognition purposes Each such group could have its own recognition code, or could be further subdivided by a secondary discriminator site According to this hypothesis, chemically similar amino acids have the same discriminator nucleotide because they evolved from a single set of related amino acids indistinguishable to a primitive system 

There are other possible explanations for the observed regularities at the fourth nucleotide For example, it is conceivable that the position is used for a direct physical interaction with the amino acid in the charging process, and chemically similar amino acids naturally select the same nucleotide Further experiments can be expected to clarify this question

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/69/10/3063.full.pdf

Is There a Discriminator Site in Transfer RNA

N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is often considered to be a conservative, chemically modified nucleoside present on tRNA and rRNA. Recent studies have shown extensive ac4C modifications in human and yeast mRNAs. ac4C helps to correctly read codons during translation and improves translation efficiency and the stability of mRNA. At present, the research of ac4C involves a variety of detection methods. The formation of ac4C is closely related to N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and its helpers, such as putative tRNA acetyltransferase (TAN1) for tRNA ac4C and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) for rRNA ac4C. Also, ac4C is associated with the development, progression, and prognosis of a variety of human diseases. Here, we summarize the history of ac4C research and the detection technologies of ac4C. We then summarized the role and mechanism of ac4C in gene-expression regulation and demonstrated the relevance of ac4C to a variety of human diseases, especially cancer. Finally, we list the future challenges of the ac4C research and demonstrate a research strategy for the interactions among several abundant modified nucleosides on mRNA.

The Processing, Gene Regulation, Biological Functions, and Clinical Relevance of N4-Acetylcytidine on RNA: A Systematic Review.

Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: a two-stage reaction

N4-Acetylcytidine. A previously unidentified labile component of the small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes.

The nucleotide sequence of " denaturable"leucine acceptor transfer RNA (tRNA Leu 3 ) from baker9s yeast was determined on 32 P-labeled material. The molecule is 85 nucleotides long and can be folded into the "cloverleaf" model for secondary structure. The basis on which the sequence was deduced from the products of complete enzymatic digestion, prior to its unambiguous determination, is presented.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/172/3981/385.full.pdf

Nucleotide sequence of the "denaturable" leucine transfer RNA from yeast.

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Nucleotide sequence of the "denaturable" leucine transfer RNA from yeast.