d-Xylonic acid is a versatile platform chemical with reported applications as complexing agent or chelator, in dispersal of concrete, and as a precursor for compounds such as co-polyamides, polyesters, hydrogels and 1,2,4-butanetriol. With increasing glucose prices, d-xylonic acid may provide a cheap, non-food derived alternative for gluconic acid, which is widely used (about 80 kton/year) in pharmaceuticals, food products, solvents, adhesives, dyes, paints and polishes. Large-scale production has not been developed, reflecting the current limited market for d-xylonate. d-Xylonic acid occurs naturally, being formed in the first step of oxidative metabolism of d-xylose by some archaea and bacteria via the action of d-xylose or d-glucose dehydrogenases. High extracellular concentrations of d-xylonate have been reported for various bacteria, in particular Gluconobacter oxydans and Pseudomonas putida. High yields of d-xylonate from d-xylose make G. oxydans an attractive choice for biotechnical production. G. oxydans is able to produce d-xylonate directly from plant biomass hydrolysates, but rates and yields are reduced because of sensitivity to hydrolysate inhibitors. Recently, d-xylonate has been produced by the genetically modified bacterium Escherichia coli and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Expression of NAD+-dependent d-xylose dehydrogenase of Caulobacter crescentus in either E. coli or in a robust, hydrolysate-tolerant, industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain has resulted in d-xylonate titres, which are comparable to those seen with G. oxydans, at a volumetric rate approximately 30 % of that observed with G. oxydans. With further development, genetically modified microbes may soon provide an alternative for production of d-xylonate at industrial scale.

/pdf/microbial-d-xylonate-production-38ad9jgkas.pdf

Microbial d-xylonate production

1,2,4-Butanetriol (BT) is a valuable chemical with extensive applications in many different fields. The traditional chemical routes to synthesize BT suffer from many drawbacks, e.g., harsh reaction conditions, multiple steps and poor selectivity, limiting its industrial production. In this study, an engineered Escherichia coli strain was constructed to produce BT from xylose, which is a major component of the lignocellulosic biomass. Through the coexpression of a xylose dehydrogenase (CCxylB) and a xylonolactonase (xylC) from Caulobacter crescentus, native E. coli xylonate dehydratase (yjhG), a 2-keto acid decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida (mdlC) and native E. coli aldehyde reductase (adhP) in E. coli BL21 star(DE3), the recombinant strain could efficiently convert xylose to BT. Furthermore, the competitive pathway responsible for xylose metabolism in E. coli was blocked by disrupting two genes (xylA and EcxylB) encoding xylose isomerase and xyloluse kinase. Under fed-batch conditions, the engineered strain BL21ΔxylAB/pE-mdlCxylBC&pA-adhPyjhG produced up to 3.92 g/L of BT from 20 g/L of xylose, corresponding to a molar yield of 27.7%. These results suggest that the engineered E. coli has a promising prospect for the large-scale production of BT.

/pdf/biotechnological-production-of-1-2-4-butanetriol-an-42z60mz5be.pdf

Biotechnological production of 1,2,4-butanetriol: An efficient process to synthesize energetic material precursor from renewable biomass

Xylonic acid was produced by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973 on 15% xylose medium with a yield of 96% of the theoretical. In the middle of the fermentation, growth was inhibited due to formation of inhibitory xylono-γ-lactone. The spontaneous, non-enzymatic hydrolysis of lactone accounted for only 19% of the hydrolysis demand, thus explaining the accumulation of xylonolactone in the broth. It appeared that high amounts of xylono-γ-lactone induced xylonolactonase enzyme, which brought about the total hydrolysis of xylonolactone.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00251763.pdf

The role of xylonolactone in xylonic acid production by Pseudomonas fragi

Eleven microbial strains were tested for their ability to produce xylonic acid from xylose. The production of xylonic acid by one of the strains,Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973, was further studied in laboratory fermenter scale. The yield of xylonic acid was 92 % of original sugar. Xylonic acid production seemed to be growth associated and it was found to be very sensitive to the decrease of pH.

Production of xylonic acid by Pseudomonas fragi

Xylonate is a valuable chemical for versatile applications. Although the chemical synthesis route and microbial conversion pathway were established decades ago, no commercial production of xylonate has been obtained so far. In this study, the industrially important microorganism Escherichia coli was engineered to produce xylonate from xylose. Through the coexpression of a xylose dehydrogenase (xdh) and a xylonolactonase (xylC) from Caulobacter crescentus, the recombinant strain could convert 1 g/L xylose to 0.84 g/L xylonate and 0.10 g/L xylonolactone after being induced for 12 h. Furthermore, the competitive pathway for xylose catabolism in E. coli was blocked by disrupting two genes (xylA and xylB) encoding xylose isomerase and xylulose kinase. Under fed-batch conditions, the finally engineered strain produced up to 27.3 g/L xylonate and 1.7 g/L xylonolactone from 30 g/L xylose, about 88% of the theoretical yield. These results suggest that the engineered E. coli strain has a promising perspective for large-scale production of xylonate.

/pdf/metabolic-engineering-of-escherichia-coli-for-the-production-409737nfxk.pdf

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Production of Xylonate

(1) 土壌中より分離されたD-キシロース資化性菌No. 17株の菌学的性質を検討した結果, Entevobacter cloacaeと同定された. (2) 本菌はD-キシロースより酸性物質を生成し,この酸性物質はD-キシロン酸と同定された. (3) D-キシロン酸の生成条件を検討した結果, D-キシロース20%, (NH4)2SO4 0.2%, KH2PO4 0.1%, MgSO4・7H2Ｏ O.05%, C. S. L. 0.2%, CaCO3 8.0%, (pH6.5)の培地組成で30°Cで5日間振盪培養すると,培地中に180～190mg/mlのD-キシロン酸が生成された. (4) 本菌によるD-キシロース以外の糖から酸性物質の生成の有無を検討した結果, L-アラビノース, D-グルコース, D-ガラクトース, D-マンノース,ラクトース,およびマルトースから酸性物質が検出された. (5) 本菌は30% D-グルコースより90%以上の収率で, D-グルコン酸を生成することが認められた.

D-Xylonic Acid Production by Enterobacter cloacae

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D-Xylonic Acid Production by Enterobacter cloacae