Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

Big is beautiful--"aromaticity" revisited from the viewpoint of macromolecular and supramolecular benzene chemistry.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The prostaglandins are C 20 acids formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids by oxygenation and cyclization. The thromboxanes, which were originally found in platelets, have now been identified in a variety of tissues. Rapid progress is being made in understanding their biological roles. Earlier studies on vascular and airway smooth muscle demonstrated that endoperoxides had unique effects that could not be attributed to conversion into the stable prostaglandins. Because aspirin, an inhibitor of endoperoxide formation, inhibits the second wave of aggregation, it was suggested that the endoperoxides play a role in the release reaction. The potency of the endoperoxides in causing contractions of the isolated rabbit aorta was of particular interest. However, the occurrence of thromboxanes is not limited to platelets. The transformation of arachidonic acid into thromboxane B 2 has also been observed in lung tissue, spleen, kidney, leukocytes, umbilical artery, and brain.

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

The understanding of the dual fluorescence of certain aromatic systems has greatly advanced in recent years. The accompanying large charge separation has been shown to be linked to a twisted (or small overlap) arrangement of the chromophores. Recent theoretical models are able to describe the excited-state twisting of both single bonds (TICT compounds) and double bonds (olefins) in a unified picture. These models can help to elucidate the photophysical behavior of many organic, inorganic, and biologically relevant compounds, and their application to laser dyes and fluorescent probes provides a route to new “tailor-made” fluorescent materials. Applied to the primary processes of vision and photosynthesis, these models can lead to a deeper understanding of basic photobiological processes.

Charge Separation in Excited States of Decoupled Systems—TICT Compounds and Implications Regarding the Development of New Laser Dyes and the Primary Process of Vision and Photosynthesis

Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane: nucleophilic trifluoromethylation and beyond.

A new method for the preparation of α-(perfluoroalkyl) carbonyl and γ-(perfluoroalkyl)-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

Perfluoroalkylation of various aromatic compounds with perfluoroalkylphenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (FITS) under mild conditions was described. The reactivity of other perfluoroalkyliodonium salts was also examined.

PERFLUOROALKYLATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WITH RfI(Ph)OSO2CF3

Perfluoroalkylation of carbanions

Solvent-induced polarization phenomena in the excited state of composite systems with identical halves. 2. Effects of solvent polarity upon the fluorescence of [2.2](1,3)pyrenophane

Novel oxy-perfluoroalkylation

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