This paper reports the temperature-based covert communication channel implemented in FPGA system. The channel enables bidirectional transmission and exchange of an arbitrary bit stream between two, electrically separated parts of the FPGA circuit during its normal operation. Transmission to and from the FPGA device is also reported. Transmitter and receiver modules are based on ring-oscillator which utilize 60 and 51 look-up tables respectively. The proof of concept was implemented in the Xilinx Spartan-IIE device and allows for transmission speed of 1/8 bit/s between FPGA and external transceiver. Internal communication is faster and allows to transmit up to 1 bit per second.

Temperature-based covert channel in FPGA systems

For extremely sensitive applications, it may be advantageous for users to transmit certain types of data covertly over the network. This provides an additional layer of security to that provided by the different layers of the protocol stack. In this paper we present a covert side channel that uses the 802.11 MAC rate switching protocol. The covert channel provides a general method to hide communications within currently deployed 802.11 LANs. The technique uses a one-time password (OTP) algorithm to ensure high-entropy randomness of the covert messages. We investigate how the covert side channel affects network throughput under various rate-switching conditions with UDP-based and TCP-based application traffic. We also investigate the covertness of the covert side channel using standardized entropy. The theoretical analysis shows that the maximum covert channel bandwidth is 60 bps. The simulation results show that the impact on network throughput is minimal and increases slightly as the covert channel bandwidth increases. We further show that the channel has 100% accuracy with minimal impact on rate switching entropy for scenarios where rate switching normally occurs. Finally, we present two applications for the covert channel: covert authentication and covert WiFi botnets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcm.969

An 802.11 MAC layer covert channel

Covert channel is secret communication path, which existence is not expected in original system of design. It allows different users access to the same information, at the same time, but from different points-of-view. It is being more and more studying due to the grooming of internet. Always high-bandwidth network covert channel pose the significant risk of detection over network. Although the existing technique utilized the reserved bits of header, timestamp, initial sequence number, packet length etc for network covert channel, to some extend these have good temper resistance. But when increase their covert data capacity they becomes to fail to persist their original characteristics and vulnerable to network traffic detector. We are motivated to design to achieve a high bandwidth covert channel in network protocols. We simulated our proposed technique in ns2 simulator utilizing TCP protocol. Through experimental results, our proposed model is very high capacity covert channel with temper resistance and time efficient as compared to previous techniques.

A high bandwidth covert channel in network protocol

In this paper we propose a new method for the evaluation of network steganography algorithms based on the new concept of "the moving observer". We considered three levels of undetectability named: "good", "bad", and "ugly". To illustrate this method we chose Wi-Fi steganography as a solid family of information hiding protocols. We present the state of the art in this area covering well-known hiding techniques for 802.11 networks. "The moving observer" approach could help not only in the evaluation of steganographic algorithms, but also might be a starting point for a new detection system of network steganography. The concept of a new detection system, called MoveSteg, is explained in detail.

"The Good, The Bad And The Ugly": Evaluation of Wi-Fi Steganography

Systems and methods for call detail record (CDR) analysis to determine a risk score for a call and identify fraudulent activity and for fraud detection in Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems An example method may store information extracted from received calls Queries of the stored information may be performed to select data using keys, wherein each key relates to one of the received calls, and wherein the queries are parallelized The selected data may be transformed into feature vectors, wherein each feature vector relates to one of the received calls and includes a velocity feature and at least one of a behavior feature or a reputation feature A risk score for the call may be generated during the call based on the feature vectors

Fraud detection in interactive voice response systems

We present a covert side channel technique that uses the 802.11 MAC rate switching protocol as cover for covert authentication messages. Covert authentication prevents an attacker from knowing when a user is authenticating and protects user credentials from malicious software attacks. Similar to port knocking, a remote client sends authentication messages to an access point in order to access a protected service. The technique uses a one-time password algorithm to protect against replay attacks. We investigate how the covert side channel affects node throughput in mobile and non-mobile scenarios. We also investigate the covertness of the covert side channel using standardized entropy. The results show that the performance impact is minimal and increases slightly as the authentication frequency increases. We further show that we can authenticate with 100% accuracy with minimal impact on rate switching entropy.

Authentication in 802.11 LANs Using a Covert Side Channel

Call detail record analysis to identify fraudulent activity

Systems and methods for call detail record (CDR) analysis to determine a risk score for a call and identify fraudulent activity and for fraud detection in Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems. An example method may store information extracted from received calls. Queries of the stored information may be performed to select data using keys, wherein each key relates to one of the received calls, and wherein the queries are parallelized. The selected data may be transformed into feature vectors, wherein each feature vector relates to one of the received calls and includes a velocity feature and at least one of a behavior feature or a reputation feature. A risk score for the call may be generated during the call based on the feature vectors.

Call detail record analysis to identify fraudulent activity and fraud detection in interactive voice response systems

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