An application of expert system techniques to the restoration of distribution systems is reported. Primary feeders are typically radial in structure. To increase system reliability, neighboring feeders are connected through a normally open tie switch. When load zones on a feeder interrupted due to a fault, system operators need to identify neighboring feeders and try to restore customers through the tie switches. To restore the maximum number of zones, several steps are followed: group restoration, zone restoration and, if necessary, load transfer. Based on the methodology, an expert system is developed which can be utilized as an online aid to system operators in a distribution SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) environmental. The proposed expert system is implemented in Prolog. Knowledge representation, portability of the system, and computational efficiency are discussed. Several examples illustrate the capabilities of the system. >

An expert system operational aid for restoration and loss reduction of distribution systems

Concerns about the effectiveness of conventional alarm processing systems have prompted the development of expert systems designed to present a clearer description of disturbances to the power system operator. The features of the various intelligent alarm processors which are described in the technical literature are discussed in order to highlight the issues which must be addressed and the design decisions which must be made in the development of these systems. A number of systems described in the technical literature under the name intelligent alarm processor are in fact fault diagnosis systems. The authors attempt to clarify the criteria which separate these two types of systems. >

Intelligent alarm processing in power systems

The authors provide a basis for adaptive transmission protection, define the concept, identify its components and illustrate it with simple examples. They concentrate on the software aspects of adaptive transmission protection. They present efficient enhancements to existing, offline algorithms used in relay coordination. The authors present the results of two different approaches, multiprocessing and supercomputing, that they have proposed and investigated with the aim of developing a fast, online tool for computing relay settings in realtime. >

Adaptive transmission protection: concepts and computational issues

Knowledge-based fault diagnosis systems are classified by the method of inference utilized in the knowledge-based systems for fault diagnosis of power systems. The characteristics of each class and corresponding issues as well as the state-of-the-art techniques for improving their performance are presented. Additional topics covered are user interfaces, interfaces with energy management systems, and expert system development tools for fault diagnosis. Results and evaluation of actual operation in the field are also discussed. >

Fault diagnosis of power systems

The authors describe a hybrid approach to synthesizing solutions for diagnosis and set covering problems from the area of power system operations. The approach combines expert systems written in a rule-based language (OPS5) with algorithmic programs written in C and Lisp. An environment called DPSK has been developed to allow these programs to be run in parallel on a network of computers. Speed sufficient for real-time applications can be obtained. >

A distributed expert system for fault diagnosis

This paper describes two knowledge-based programs. The first simulates the behavior of automatic protection schemes in power networks. The second is an expert system for the diagnosis of faults. Both are coded in OPS5--a widely available language for writing rule-based programs. The user and the programs communicate over a Blackboard which is a database for messages. The Blackboard has been organized so that the addition of new programs, whether knowledge-based or algorithmic, will be relatively easy.

The Operator's Assistant--An Intelligent, Expandable Program for Power System Trouble Analysis

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The Operator's Assistant--An Intelligent, Expandable Program for Power System Trouble Analysis