The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone

The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention Piers Robinson London: Routledge, 2002 192 pp $2395 The author of The CNN Effect brings intellectual honesty and insightful observations to one of the most current versions of the debate about the power, or lack of power, of mass communication Piers Robinson, a lecturer in political communication in the School of Politics and Communication Studies at the University of Liverpool, asks if intense mass media coverage of humanitarian crises can, on occasion, compel governments to intervene with the use, or threat of use, of force The author's intellectual honesty becomes evident as he first considers cases widely regarded as clear-cut examples of the CNN effect, but that on closer examination, show little or no effect of media coverage on policymaker decisions Unlike theorists who blithely dismiss contradictory cases as misleading or hegemonic, Robinson uses these cases to challenge commonsense notions and to extend and refine his own explanations for the CNN effect Robinson begins with cases widely regarded as evidence of the power of the news media, not just CNN, to provoke responses by both Western audiences and political elites The 1991 US Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq and the 1992 Operation Restore Hope in Somalia are both cases of military intervention in areas that were without traditional "national interest" such as business investments or oil Instead, these "humanitarian" interventions were to signal a post-Cold War New World Order In spite of policymaker insistence that television images of starvation and suffering in Somalia prompted a military response, Robinson provides evidence that media coverage increased dramatically only after the decision to intervene Media coverage, in this case, served a "manufacturing consent" role that supported military intervention Another case widely regarded as supporting the CNN effect was US military intervention in northern Iraq to help mitigate the suffering of the Kurdish refugees who were trapped in the mountains between Iraq and Turkey Conventional wisdom was that compelling images of human suffering forced the United States to reverse its policy of nonintervention in internal Iraqi affairs Robinson argues that US policy reversed not because of television coverage but instead to reward the Turkish government for its loyalty during Operation Desert Storm While appearing to be in response to critical media coverage, the US "no fly zone" was designed primarily to draw the Iraqi Kurds away from the Turkish border into Iraqi refugee camps Robinson does not simply discard the CNN effect hypothesis (powerful media), or throw his support behind the "manufacturing consent" hypothesis (subservient media) on the basis of these two cases …

The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention

i Declaration iii Acknowledgments iv Table of

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Watching What We Say: Global Communication in a Time of Fear