A lot of simulation methods based on Maneuvering Modeling Group (MMG) model for ship maneuvering have been presented. Many simulation methods sometimes harm the adaptability of hydrodynamic force data for the maneuvering simulations since one method may be not applicable to other method in general. To avoid this, basic part of the method should be common. Under such a background, research committee on “standardization of mathematical model for ship maneuvering predictions” was organized by the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers and proposed a prototype of maneuvering prediction method for ships, called “MMG standard method”. In this article, the MMG standard method is introduced. The MMG standard method is composed of 4 elements; maneuvering simulation model, procedure of the required captive model tests to capture the hydrodynamic force characteristics, analysis method for determining the hydrodynamic force coefficients for maneuvering simulations, and prediction method for maneuvering motions of a ship in fullscale. KVLCC2 tanker is selected as a sample ship and the captive mode test results are presented with a process of the data analysis. Using the hydrodynamic force coefficients presented, maneuvering simulations are carried out for KVLCC2 model and the fullscale ship for validation of the method. The present method can roughly capture the maneuvering motions and is useful for the maneuvering predictions in fullscale.

/pdf/introduction-of-mmg-standard-method-for-ship-maneuvering-4g44qunatr.pdf

Introduction of MMG standard method for ship maneuvering predictions

The authors proposed a new estimation method of wind forces and moments acting on ships based on a physical-component-model of the wind loads. In this paper, using the wind loads estimation method, steady cruising performances of a large passenger ship are estimated in heavy sea in order to assess the strong wind and waves effects. Some important characteristics of the resistance increase in steady cruising condition in heavy sea for the large passenger ship are clearly revealed in the calculation.

Cruising Performance of a Large Passenger Ship in Heavy Sea

Rudders are primary steering devices for merchant ships. The main purpose of using rudders is to generate forces for course keeping and manoeuvring. In exceptional cases, rudders are also used for emergency stopping and roll stabilisation. Furthermore, rudders affect propeller thrust efficiency and total ship resistance. Therefore, rudders are important to navigation safety and transport efficiency. The performance of rudders depends on the rudder hydrodynamic characteristics, which are affected by the design choices. Scholarly articles concerning the design of rudders date back more than 60 years. Moreover, a lot of knowledge fragments of rudders exist in literature where ship manoeuvrability and fuel consumption are discussed. It is worthwhile to gather this information not only for researchers to advance the state-of-the-art development but also for designers to make proper choices. To have a contemporary vision of the rudders, this paper presents a consolidated review of design impacts on rudder performance in ship manoeuvrability, fuel consumption, and cavitation. The discussed design choices are rudder working conditions (Reynolds numbers and angles of attack), profiles (sectional shapes), properties (area, thickness, span, chord, and rudder aspect ratios), types (the position of the stock and the structural rudder–hull connection), and interactions (among the hull, the propeller, and the rudder). Further research is suggested on high-lift rudder profiles, multiple-rudder configurations and interactions among the hull, the propeller, and the rudder. Recommendations for industry practices in the selection of the rudder design choices are also given.

/pdf/sixty-years-of-research-on-ship-rudders-effects-of-design-4uih5z338b.pdf

Sixty years of research on ship rudders: Effects of design choices on rudder performance

This paper aims to verify a new automatic berthing system using a path following algorithm. Berthing operation is one of the most burdensome tasks for crews among several ship operations. The maneuverability of a ship at low speed during berthing operation deteriorates and becomes more vulnerable to disturbances such as wind. Therefore, it is necessary to support and automate operations that require advanced skills such as berthing operation. Previous studies on automatic berthing have investigated various methods to handle the nonlinearity of ship maneuvering motion and determine the optimal control variable. There is a trade-off between accuracy and real-time performance of berthing control from these studies. The algorithms must have sufficiently real-time performance while maintaining the accuracy of control. For these purposes, we propose the automatic berthing system applied a path following algorithm for a ship with one propeller and one rudder in this paper. We show the mathematical model for numerical simulation of berthing control and carried out system identification of the subject ship. In full-scale experiments, the proposed system performed automatic berthing control in both calm wind conditions around 2 m/s and strong wind conditions around 6 m/s.

/pdf/path-following-algorithm-application-to-automatic-berthing-12tluei7rq.pdf

Path following algorithm application to automatic berthing control

Theoretical background and application of MANSIM for ship maneuvering simulations

The present paper relates to experimental researches on rudder performance utilizing a free running, self-propelled model.Hardover to hardover steering tests have been carried out on four different balance ratios including the optimum one estimated by turning tests, and it is known that the balance ratio must be selected so as to prevent the abnormally large positive torque which may occur when the rudder is steered from port to starboard.An interpretation for the complicated rudder performance during the turning tests have been tried using the results of behind tests and free model tests. As the results, the resonable values for normal force coefficients have been provided through considering the change of slip ratio of propeller and drift angle of ship, but it remains some problems to be investigated for the center of pressure.

Experimental Researches on Rudder Performance. (2)

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Experimental Researches on Rudder Performance. (2)