Nanotechnology is a new scientific area that promotes unique concepts to comprehend the optimal mechanics of nanoparticles (NPs) in plants under heavy metal stress. The present investigation focuses on effects of synthetic and green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs and gTiO2 NPs) against Cr(VI). Green TiO2 NPs have been produced from plant leaf extract (Ricinus communis L.). Synthesis was confirmed employing an array of optical spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques. Chromium strongly accelerated H2O2 and MDA productions by 227 % and 266 % at highest chromium concentration (60 mg/kg of soil), respectively, and also caused DNA damage, and decline in photosynthesis. Additionally, anomalies were observed in stomatal cells with gradual increment in chromium concentrations. Conversely, foliar applications of TiO2 NPs and gTiO2 NPs considerably mitigated chromium stress. Sunflower plants treated with modest amounts of green TiO2 NPs had significantly better growth index compared to chemically synthesized ones. Principal component analysis highlighted the variations among photosynthetic attributes, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant defense systems. Notably, gTiO2 supplementation to the Cr(VI) strained plants minimized PC3 production which is a rare report so far. Conclusively, gTiO2 NPs have been identified to be promising nano-based nutrition resource for farming applications. 

Comparative investigation on chemical and green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles against chromium (VI) stress eliciting differential physiological, biochemical, and cellular attributes in Helianthus annuus L.

Mechanistic Understanding in Manipulating Energetics of TiO2 for Photocatalysis


 
 Organic pollutants in water bodies pose a serious environmental problem, and photocatalytic technology is an efficient and environmentally friendly water treatment method. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used photocatalyst, but it suffers from some drawbacks such as a narrow light response range, fast charge recombination, and low photocatalytic activity. To improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2, this article reviews the preparation methods, performance evaluation, and applications of modified TiO2 photocatalysts. Firstly, the article introduces the effects of doping modification, semiconductor composite modification, and other modification methods on the structure and properties of TiO2 photocatalysts, as well as the common characterization techniques and activity test methods of photocatalysts. Secondly, the article discusses the effects and mechanisms of modified TiO2 photocatalysts on degrading dye, pesticide, and other organic pollutants in water bodies, as well as the influencing factors. Finally, the article summarizes the main achievements and advantages of modified TiO2 photocatalysts in degrading organic pollutants in water bodies, points out the existing problems and challenges, and prospects for the development direction and future of this field.

A review of the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water by modified TiO2

Titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photodynamic antibacterial (PDA) agents present a novel approach for addressing drug-resistant bacterial infections and the associated tissue damage. However, the suboptimal dispersibility, negative charge, and weak photocatalytic activity under visible light of TiO2 hinder its practical applications. This study aimed to address these limitations by developing a highly hydrophilic and dispersed Zn-TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (HTGZ) nano-system with exceptional visible light catalytic activity and tissue repair ability. HTGZ produced an antibacterial ratio over 98% within a short time, likely due to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species under visible light. After being co-cultured for 4 days, L929 cells and BMSCs maintained over 90% activity, indicating that HTGZ had no significant cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the transcriptomic and metabolic analyses revealed that the antibacterial mechanism mainly came from the destruction of cell membranes and the disruption of various metabolic processes, such as purine metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. Critically, results of in vivo experiments had authenticated that HTGZ significantly promoted infected tissue regeneration by slaughtering bacteria and release Zn2+. After 14 days, the wound area was only one-third that of the control group. Overall, the enhanced antibacterial efficacy and wound-healing potential position HTGZ as a promising nano-antibacterial medication for the clinical treatment of infectious bacterial diseases. 

Highly hydrophilic and dispersed TiO2 nano-system with enhanced photocatalytic antibacterial activities and accelerated tissue regeneration under visible light

Abstract The conversion of carbon dioxide to medium-chain fatty acids (CO 2 -to-MCFAs) through microbial processes represents a valuable technology for sequestering and exploiting CO 2 , generating superior bio-chemicals from the primary contributor to the greenhouse effect. However, a comprehensive overview and generalization of microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs are presently deficient. Based on this, the present review systematically summarizes the research progress, explicates the process mechanisms, analyses the key challenges and possible solutions, and anticipates forthcoming research perspectives and priorities for the first time. We proposed two original strategies, namely the synchronous strategy and integrated strategy, from current research into microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs. The synchronous strategy concurrently achieves hydrogen (H 2 ) and CO 2 assimilation, as well as MCFAs production, by employing a reactor that co-cultivates predominant H 2 /CO 2 -utilizing microorganisms and chain elongation microorganisms. The integrated approaches involve CO 2 -to-precursors (i.e., acetate and ethanol) and subsequent precursors-to-MCFAs, achieved through the use of two bioreactors for separately cultivating H 2 /CO 2 -utilizing microorganisms and chain elongation microorganisms. Mechanistic insights reveal that microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs predominantly encompasses two processes: H 2 and CO 2 assimilation into precursor and subsequent precursors chain elongation into MCFAs, through a Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and a two-round elongation, respectively. The analyses of key challenges and possible solutions for microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs underscore the imperative to enhance efficiency and economy and to shed light on metabolic mechanisms. Furthermore, in order to improve the strategy application potential of microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs, future research perspectives and priorities, e.g. exploitation of functional pure bacteria, screening of functional pure bacteria, multi-omics analysis, genetic modification and enhancement, enhancement of bioreactor stability, specific MCFA production, development of coupled purification technology for MCFAs, and economic benefits and ecological environmental risks, are proposed and prospected. This work is expected to offer a thorough understanding of the microbial CO 2 -to-MCFAs, guide and inspire researchers to address critical challenges in-depth and propel the development of CO 2 -to-MCFAs. 

Microbial conversion of carbon dioxide into premium medium-chain fatty acids: the progress, challenges, and prospects

TiO2 has aroused considerable attentions as a promising photocatalytic material for decades due to its superior material properties in several fields such as energy and environment. However, the main dilemmas are its wide bandgap (3–3.2 eV), that restricts the light absorption in limited light wavelength region, and the comparatively high charge carrier recombination rate of TiO2, is a hurdle for efficient photocatalytic CO2 conversion. To tackle these problems, lots of researches have been implemented relating to structural and material modification to improve their material, optical, and electrical properties for more efficient photocatalytic CO2 conversion. Recent studies illustrate that crystal facet engineering could broaden the performance of the photocatalysts. As same as for nanostructures which have advantages such as improved light absorption, high surface area, directional charge transport, and efficient charge separation. Moreover, strategies such as doping, junction formation, and hydrogenation have resulted in a promoted photocatalytic performance. Such strategies can markedly change the electronic structure that lies behind the enhancement of the solar spectrum harnessing. In this review, we summarize the works that have been carried out for the enhancement of photocatalytic CO2 conversion by material and structural modification of TiO2 and TiO2-based photocatalytic system. Moreover, we discuss several strategies for synthesis and design of TiO2 photocatalysts for efficient CO2 conversion by nanostructure, structure design of photocatalysts, and material modification.

/pdf/photocatalytic-carbon-dioxide-conversion-by-structurally-and-3cp51gmp.pdf

Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Conversion by Structurally and Materially Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures

It is well known that blowing agents (BAs) and polyol are essential components in polyurethane (PU) composition. Utilizing renewable sources in the material's formulation might reduce its environmental hazards while extending its possible engineering applications. In this study, the samples have been synthesized by using palm kernel oil-based polyol (PKOP). Water and sodium hydrogen carbonate (SHB) have been used as BAs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown that adding the mix of BAs is causing the cells' average size to increase up to 227% and have reduced the lamellae width by up to 2% in comparison with the reference sample. The water tests have illustrated that combining two parts per hundred polyol by weight (php) water and 25 php SHB to the sample has increased its water capacity up to 617%. However, the samples are only able to retain 6% of the absorbed water at the 7th day. It has been also found that porosity has affected the water uptake and all the samples are following Fick's diffusion law, and diffusion is correlated to the square root of time. Multivariable power least squares method (MPLSM) and moving least squares method (MLSM) have been applied to find the relation between tear resistance value and BAs ratio. It is found that both methods have a dominant variable compared to the other variables, but MLSM provided optimizable equation with better R2. 

The effect of water and sodium hydrogen carbonate content on flexible polyurethane's microstructure, water, and mechanical properties

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Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Conversion by Structurally and Materially Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures

The effect of water and sodium hydrogen carbonate content on flexible polyurethane's microstructure, water, and mechanical properties

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