Dynamic stresses propagating as seismic waves from large earthquakes trigger a spectrum of responses at global distances. In addition to locally triggered earthquakes in a variety of tectonic environments, dynamic stresses trigger tectonic (nonvolcanic) tremor in the brittle–plastic transition zone along major plate-boundary faults, activity changes in hydrothermal and volcanic systems, and, in hydrologic domains, changes in spring discharge, water well levels, soil liquefaction, and the eruption of mud volcanoes. Surface waves with periods of 15–200 s are the most effective triggering agents; body-wave trigger is less frequent. Triggering dynamic stresses can be < 1 kPa.

4.11 – Dynamic Triggering

[1] We examine remotely triggered microearthquakes and tectonic tremor in central California following the 2010 Mw 88 Chile earthquake Several microearthquakes near the Coso Geothermal Field were apparently triggered, with the largest earthquake (Ml 35) occurring during the large-amplitude Love surface waves The Chile mainshock also triggered numerous tremor bursts near the Parkfield-Cholame section of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) The locally triggered tremor bursts are partially masked at lower frequencies by the regionally triggered earthquake signals from Coso, but can be identified by applying high-pass or matched filters Both triggered tremor along the SAF and the Ml 35 earthquake in Coso are consistent with frictional failure at different depths on critically-stressed faults under the Coulomb failure criteria The triggered tremor, however, appears to be more phase-correlated with the surface waves than the triggered earthquakes, likely reflecting differences in constitutive properties between the brittle, seismogenic crust and the underlying lower crust

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2010GL045462

Remotely triggered microearthquakes and tremor in central California following the 2010 Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake

SUMMARY

We perform a systematic survey of triggered deep ‘non-volcanic’ tremor beneath the Central Range (CR) in Taiwan for 45 teleseismic earthquakes from 1998 to 2009 with Mw≥ 7.5 and epicentral distance ≥1000 km to the broad-band station TPUB. Triggered tremors are visually identified as bursts of high-frequency (2–8 Hz), non-impulsive and long-duration seismic energy that are coherent among many seismic stations and modulated by the teleseismic surface waves. Out of the 45 earthquakes, we identified nine teleseismic events associated with nine tremor sources in the southern and five in the northern CR. Most of the tremor sources are located within the depth range of 15–25 km in the lower crust above the Moho. We find that the amplitudes of the surface waves play an important role in determining the triggering potential, and the apparent triggering threshold is ∼0.1 cm s−1, or 7–8 KPa. However, such threshold is partially controlled by the background noise level, which could prevent weaker tremor triggered by surface waves with smaller amplitudes from being identified. The amplitudes of the triggered tremor show a positive correlation with the amplitudes of the triggering surface waves, consistent with the predictions by the ‘clock-advance’ model. In addition to amplitudes, other factors, such as frequency contents and incidence angles, also affect the triggering potential. We find that intermediate-period (30–10 s) surface waves could trigger/modulate tremors, suggesting that long-period (>30 s) surface waves are not always required in long-range triggering. Tremors appear to be triggered by both Love and Rayleigh waves. When the incidence angles are parallel to the strike of the CR, all six events triggered tremor primarily during the Rayleigh waves. For strike normal incidence, only the 2001 Mw7.8 Kunlun earthquake showed predominant Love-wave triggering. This observation can be qualitatively explained by a simple Coulomb failure for a left-lateral shear on the low-angle detachment fault beneath the southern CR.

Remote triggering of non-volcanic tremor around Taiwan

[1] Changes in the static stress can trigger nearby earthquakes that occur within a few fault lengths from the causative event. Transient stresses caused by passage of surface waves commonly trigger events at remote distances, yet little is documented or understood about the processes and stresses necessary for remote triggering. To understand the causative stresses and environments behind remote, or dynamic, triggering, we must decipher the stresses caused by the passage of the surface waves in relation to the local stress field and fault conditions where the triggered events occur. In this study, we model the change in the stress field that the passing of Rayleigh and Love waves causes on a fault plane of arbitrary orientation relative to the direction of propagation of the waves, and we apply a Coulomb failure criterion to calculate the potential of these stress changes to trigger reverse, normal, or strike-slip failure. We compare these model results with data from dynamically triggered earthquakes in the Australian Bowen Basin, an area with low seismicity and mapped regional stress and that is at the margin of a stable continental craton. Our data analysis shows that for this region, surface waves arriving at 45° from the average strike direction are the most likely to trigger local seismicity. This agrees with our observations.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009JB007000

Dynamic triggering: Stress modeling and a case study

The distance-dependent coseismic and postseismic displacements produced by the 2011 MW90 Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake caused medium weakening and stress perturbation in the crust around the Korean Peninsula, increasing the seismicity with successive ML5-level earthquakes at the outskirts of high seismicity regions The average ML5-level occurrence rate prior to the megathrust earthquake was 015 yr−1 (005–035 yr−1 at a 95% confidence level), and the rate has increased to 071 yr−1 (023–167 yr−1 at a 95% confidence level) since the megathrust earthquake The 2016 ML5-level midcrustal earthquakes additionally changed the stress field in adjacent regions, inducing the 15 November 2017 ML54 earthquake The successive 2016 and 2017 moderate-size earthquakes built complex stress fields in the southeastern Korean Peninsula, increasing the seismic hazard risks in the regions of long-term stress accumulation The increased seismic risks may continue until the medium properties and stress field are recovered

/pdf/time-advanced-occurrence-of-moderate-size-earthquakes-in-a-2jb4wk0l81.pdf

Time-advanced occurrence of moderate-size earthquakes in a stable intraplate region after a megathrust earthquake and their seismic properties

We perform a systematic search of remotely triggered seismicity in con- tinental China following the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We visually identify earthquakes as impulsive seismic energy with clear P and S arrivals on 5 Hz high-pass filtered three-component velocity seismograms 1 hr before and after the Wenchuan earthquake. Out of the 271 stations in the updated Chinese digital seismic network (CSN), 17 stations show statistically significant seismicity increase with β-statistic values larger than 2, following the Wenchuan earthquake. These include 11 stations in the north China block, which is seismically active and is in the rupture propagation direction of the Wenchuan earthquake, three stations along the coastal lines in the relatively stable south China block, one station near the Haiyuan fault zone in north- west China, and two stations near the Tanlu fault zone and the Longgang volcano in northeast China. These observations suggest that dynamic triggering in intraplate regions tends to occur near active faults that have ruptured in historic times and in the rupture propagation directions of the mainshock. However, it is worth noting that many sites that satisfy the criteria are not triggered, suggesting that these conditions would help but are not sufficient enough to guarantee remote triggering in intraplate regions. The tectonic environments near the sites with clear triggered activity range from transpressional to tranextentional, and most regions are not associated with active geothermal or volcanic activity, indicating that dynamic triggering could occur in a wide range of tectonic environments. Online Material: Tables of station information and measured parameters and two supplementary figures showing locally triggered earthquakes.

/pdf/remotely-triggered-seismicity-in-continental-china-following-568yhq2buw.pdf

Remotely Triggered Seismicity in Continental China following the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake

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Remotely Triggered Seismicity in Continental China following the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake