The plant endosphere contains a diverse group of microbial communities. There is general consensus that these microbial communities make significant contributions to plant health. Both recently adopted genomic approaches and classical microbiology techniques continue to develop the science of plant-microbe interactions. Endophytes are microbial symbionts residing within the plant for the majority of their life cycle without any detrimental impact to the host plant. The use of these natural symbionts offers an opportunity to maximize crop productivity while reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. Endophytes promote plant growth through nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, nutrient acquisition, and by conferring tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Colonization by endophytes is crucial for providing these benefits to the host plant. Endophytic colonization refers to the entry, growth and multiplication of endophyte populations within the host plant. Lately, plant microbiome research has gained considerable attention but the mechanism allowing plants to recruit endophytes is largely unknown. This review summarizes currently available knowledge about endophytic colonization by bacteria in various plant species, and specifically discusses the colonization of maize plants by Populus endophytes.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/5/4/77/pdf

Bacterial Endophyte Colonization and Distribution within Plants

Microbial endophytes are present in all known plant species. The ability to enter and thrive in the plant tissues makes endophytes unique, showing multidimensional interactions within the host plant. Several vital activities of the host plant are known to be influenced by the presence of endophytes. They can promote plant growth, elicit defense response against pathogen attack, and can act as remediators of abiotic stresses. To date, most of the research has been done assuming that the interaction of endophytes with the host plant is similar to the plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbes present in the rhizosphere. However, a new appreciation of the difference of the rhizosphere environment from that of internal plant tissues is gaining attention. It would be interesting to explore the impact of endosymbionts on the host's gene expression, metabolism, and other physiological aspects essential in conferring resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. A more intriguing and inexplicable issue with many endophytes that has to be critically evaluated is their ability to produce host metabolites, which can be harnessed on a large scale for potential use in diverse areas. In this review, we discuss the concept of endophytism, looking into the latest insights related to the multifarious interactions beneficial for the host plant and exploring the importance of these associations in agriculture and the environment and in other vital aspects such as human health.

Multifaceted Interactions Between Endophytes and Plant: Developments and Prospects

A critical review on exploiting the pharmaceutical potential of plant endophytic fungi.

Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) is a medicinal plant traditionally used as anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria herb. Andrographolide, the major active component of A. paniculata, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and other activities. In this article, we comprehensively review the therapeutic potential of A. paniculata and andrographolide focusing on the mechanisms of action and clinical application. We systemically discuss the structure-activity relationship of andrographolide and derivatives. Despite the various pharmacological activities and formula of A. paniculata and andrographolide, we propose further development of more structural derivatives of andrographolide with reduced toxicity and increased therapeutic efficacy is still needed for the clinical application of this ancient mighty herb and its major component.

Overview of pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata and its major compound andrographolide

Rhizosphere microbiome: Engineering bacterial competitiveness for enhancing crop production.

Endophytes, which mostly include bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are the endosymbionts that reside asymptomatically in plants for at least a part of their life cycle. They have emerged as a valuable source of novel metabolites, industrially important enzymes and as stress relievers of host plant, but still many aspects of endophytic biology are unknown. Functions of individual endophytes are the result of their continuous and complex interactions with the host plant as well as other members of the host microbiome. Understanding plant microbiomes as a system allows analysis and integration of these complex interactions. Modern genomic studies involving metaomics and comparative studies can prove to be helpful in unravelling the grey areas of endophytism. A deeper knowledge of the mechanism of host infestation and role of endophytes could be exploited to improve the agricultural management in terms of plant growth promotion, biocontrol and bioremediation. Genome sequencing, comparative genomics, microarray, next gen sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics are some of the techniques that are being used or can be used to unravel plant endophyte relationship.The modern techniques and approaches need to be explored to study endophytes and their putative role in host plant ecology. This review highlights “omics” tools that can be explored for understanding the role of endophytes in the plant microbiome. Keywords: Endophytism, microbiome, endophytes, genomics, metagenomics

/pdf/omics-tools-for-better-understanding-the-plant-endophyte-i4vtu3xhob.pdf

"Omics" Tools for Better Understanding the Plant-Endophyte Interactions.

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a medicinally important plant. The Kashmir valley (J&K, India) emblematizes one of the major and quality saffron producing areas in the world. Nonetheless, the area has been experiencing a declining trend in the production of saffron during the last decade. Poor disease management is one of the major reasons for declining saffron production in the area. Endophytes are known to offer control against many diseases of host plant. During the present study, culturable bacterial endophytes were isolated from saffron plant, identified and assessed for plant growth promoting activities. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis grouped the fifty-four bacterial isolates into eleven different taxa, viz. Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. humi, B. pumilus, Paenibacillus elgii, B. safensis, Brevibacillus sp., Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus hominis and Enterobacter cloacae. The results were also supported with the identification based on BIOLOG system. B. licheniformis was the dominant endophyte in both leaves and corms of saffron. 81 % isolates showed lipase activity, 57 % cellulase, 48 % protease, 38 % amylase, 33 % chitinase and 29 % showed pectinase activity. 24 % of the isolates were phosphate solublizers, 86 % showed siderophore production and 80 % phytohormone production potential. The present repository of well characterized bacterial endophytes of saffron, have plant growth promoting potential which can be explored further for their respective roles in the biology of the saffron plant.

/pdf/diversity-of-culturable-bacterial-endophytes-of-saffron-in-170c86joi6.pdf

Diversity of culturable bacterial endophytes of saffron in Kashmir, India

Natural products have been a great source of pharmaceuticals since ages. Vast screening of natural products from different sources has led to the discovery of plethora of chemotherapeutic drugs and other compounds for the betterment of human life. Several bioactive entities have been generated by the structural modifications of the natural products or by using the natives as key models in synthetic chemistry. Nonetheless, a number of natural compounds with potential bioactivities remain unexploited in the medicinal field due to their stringent chemical properties. Andrographis paniculata Nees., a traditional medicinal herb from family Acanthaceae is known for its multiple pharmacological activities. It’s major bioactive constituent “andrographolide”, possesses promising anticancer potential and is one such unexploited treasure. The architecture of the molecule consists of an α-alkylidene γ-butyrolactone moiety, two olefin bond [Δ8(17) and Δ12(13)], three hydroxyls at C-3, C-19, and C-14 and highly substituted trans decalin. Of the three hydroxyl groups, one is allylic at C-14, and the others are secondary and primary at C-3 and C-19, respectively. By modification of the above structural features a number of andrographolide derivatives have been synthesized. The intricacy of the molecule has always been a constraint in developing a commercialized drug, nevertheless the efforts in this direction via synthetic chemistry are still continuous and prominent. The present review highlights the chemistry and anticancer activity of andrographolide. It discusses the limitations of the molecule as a pharmacological agent. Modifications in the key molecule along different moieties has been discussed which might lead to desirable bioactive molecules. The compiled information will be helpful in further developing specific modifications in andrographolide moiety which will have significant contribution in semi synthesis of anti-cancer agents.

Anticancer potential of labdane diterpenoid lactone “andrographolide” and its derivatives: a semi-synthetic approach

Endophytes are the organisms that exist within the living tissues of most plant species without inducing any pathogenic symptoms in the host. Their association with the host plant may be symbiotic, mutualistic, commensalistic, trophobiotic and their interaction with them may be biochemical and genetic as well. It is their enormous diversity and specialized biotopes that make them a stimulating field of study. The fact that endophytes can mimic some of the phytochemicals originally characteristic of the host has changed the scope of endophytic biology. As a result of this fact, various classes of natural products that have been discovered from endophytes which include antitumour, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and various different industrial enzymes. Even some unusual molecules that act as immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, insecticidal, herbicidal, etc. have been isolated from them. Endophyte–plant relationship can be exploited to promote plant health as it also plays an important role in low-input sustainable agricultural applications for both food and nonfood crops. Recent studies on endophytes have shown the beneficial roles of host-endophyte associations as protection against mammals, resistance to pathogenic fungi and other insect herbivores, increased growth and development, nutrient uptake and stress tolerance in various plants including agriculturally important crops. The main objective of this review is to explore the potential of endophytes in varied fields that can prove beneficial to mankind. As a result, the role of endophytes has been discussed in some of the key fields of interest such as biotransformation, biodegradation, phytoremediation, seed production, seed predation, plant growth promotion, plant stress relievers, biocatalysis, biofuel production, biocontrol agents, agricultural importance, source of novel natural products etc. The present review is an attempt to unlock the enormous benefits that the microbial endophytes can offer.

Unlocking the Myriad Benefits of Endophytes: An Overview

Sustainable agriculture symbolizes accomplished utilization of natural resources while ensuring the well-being of natural environment. It integrates the goals of environmental preservation, economic growth, and socioeconomic equality. For sustainable development of the human world, sustainable agriculture is the need of the hour. The broad application of microbes in sustainable agriculture is due to the genetic dependency of plants on the beneficial functions provided by symbiotic microbes. They can play instrumental role in transforming conventional agriculture to the sustainable one. Diverse microbial communities are symbiotically associated with plants as endophytes and epiphytes and rhizospheric communities. Structural as well as functional diversity exists among these communities. For the better understanding and positive exploitation of such communities in sustainable agriculture, it is inevitable to study each community individually. In the present chapter, the importance of rhizospheric communities, which can also be called as the rhizomicrobiome, has been addressed. Rhizosphere is the area around plant roots influenced by root exudates. It is a complex system in terms of chemical, biological, as well as physical properties. Plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere involve diverse relationships including plant growth promotion, plant protection, pathogenesis, competition, etc. Rhizospheric microbes are involved in the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter as well as mineral nutrients. Microbe-based growth promotion in plants could provide effective ways of developing sustainable agriculture in order to ensure human and animal food production with a minimal disturbance of the environment.

Unfolding the Role of Rhizomicrobiome Toward Sustainable Agriculture

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Tanwi Sharma

Author Tools

Chat about Author