The advent of microfluidic systems has led to significant developments in lab-on-a-chip devices integrating several functions onto a single platform. Over the years, these miniature devices have become a promising tool for faster analytical testing, displaying high precision and efficiency. Nonetheless, most microfluidic systems are not commercially available. Research is actually undergoing on the application of these devices in environmental, food, biomedical, and healthcare industries. The lab-on-a-chip industry is predicted to grow annually by 20%. Here, we review the use of lab-on-a-chip devices in the food sector. We present fabrication technologies and materials to developing lab-on-a-chip devices. We compare electrochemical, optical, colorimetric, chemiluminescence and biological methods for the detection of pathogens and microorganisms. We emphasize emulsion processing, food formulation, nutraceutical development due to their promising characteristics. Last, smart packaging technologies like radio frequency identification and indicators are highlighted because they allow better product identification and traceability.

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Lab-on-a-chip technologies for food safety, processing, and packaging applications: a review

Progress in 3D printing for bone tissue engineering: a review

Bone-like hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been prepared by biomimetic synthesis using simulated body fluid (SBF), mimicking inorganic ion concentrations in human plasma, or 1.5SBF that has 1.5-times higher ion concentrations than SBF. In this study, the controllable preparations of HAp particles from 1.5SBF with different pH values were examined. The particles obtained as precipitates from 1.5SBF showed different morphologies and crystallinities depending on the pH of 1.5SBF. Micro-sized particles at pH 7.4 of 1.5SBF had a higher Ca/P ratio and crystallinity as compared with nano-sized particles at pH 8.0 and pH 8.4 of 1.5SBF. However, a mixture of micro-sized and nano-sized particles was obtained from pH 7.7 of 1.5SBF. When Ca2+ concentrations in 1.5SBF during mineralization were monitored, the concentration at pH 7.4 drastically decreased from 12 to 24 h. At higher pH, such as 8.0 and 8.4, the Ca2+ concentrations decreased during pH adjustment and slightly decreased even after 48 h. In this investigation at pH 7.7, the Ca2+ concentrations were higher than pH 8.0 and 8.4.Additionally, cytotoxicity of the obtained precipitates to mesenchymal stem cells was lower than that of synthetic HAp. Controllable preparation HAp particles from SBF has potential applications in the construction of building components of cell scaffolds.

Hydroxyapatite Particles from Simulated Body Fluids with Different pH and Their Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Laser‐Assisted Thermal Exposure Lithography: Arbitrary Feature Sizes

DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201901135 promising platform, because a liquid naturally exhibits high deformability. In terms of liquid-state electronics using liquid metals, potential applications that include a variety of active and passive components have been explored such as interconnects,[18] an antenna,[19] and a sensor.[20] These developments of electric components should help liquid-state electronics in taking the next step for establishment of electronic systems. However, optoelectronic devices still have not been achieved for liquid-state electronic components. Optoelectronic devices including a photoresistor[21] and photodetector[22–24] have vast applications in daily life such as optoelectronics communications[25] and environmental monitoring.[26] Various solid materials like nanowires,[27] and 2D layered materials[28] are used in optoelectronics devices as photoactive materials. In terms of liquid metals which show high deformability, it is difficult to add stable photoactive functionality to liquid metals, because by doping a photoactive component such as TiO2 into the liquid metals, the metal liquid phase cannot be maintained. Furthermore, it is difficult to modify the surface of the liquid metals by using organic optomaterials, since the liquid surface is highly deformable. Here, we report liquid-state optoelectronics based on liquid metal and photo-switchable ionic liquid.[29] As a proof of concept, a liquid-state light sensor and an optical memory which is switched on and off by UV and blue light exposures are demonstrated in this study. In order to realize these devices, a liquid-state heterojunction[20] was used in interconnects between sensing ionic liquid and liquid metal. The liquid-state heterojunction in the microchannels is critical to preventing intermixing of the two liquid components, especially, when the completed devices undergo mechanical deformation. These two important technologies, the photo-switchable ionic liquid and the heterojunction, achieve liquid-state optoelectronics. For the liquid metal electrodes, we chose Galinstan. Electrodes can be fabricated by simply injecting Galinstan into microchannels. As a photo-switchable liquid material, the ionic liquid named 1-butyl-3-(4-phenylazobenzyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([Azo][NTf2]) (Figure 1a) is used to realize functions as a light sensor (Figure 1b) or an optical memory (Figure 1c). Ionic liquid consists of anions and cations. Variation of their combination changes the physico-chemical properties. Azobenzene in [Azo][NTf2] Liquid-state electronics utilizing functional liquids confined in soft templates as the sensing and actuating component present the ideal platform for enabling conformal coverage of electronic systems on curved and soft surfaces. However, to date, optoelectronic devices based on functional liquid materials as represented by photodetectors and optical memories still have not been proposed; this advancement is crucial to scaling up current liquid-state devices to a system level. Optoelectronic devices based on liquid metal and photo-switchable ionic liquid with liquid–liquid heterojunction technology are proposed. The sensing and memory schemes presented are generic for different liquid-state devices and that enables different functionality to be added to the liquid-state electronics. As a proof of concept, demonstrations are made of a light sensor composed of the ionic liquid and an optical memory using a composite of the ionic liquid and polypropylene glycol. These devices are important advancements toward the realization of liquid-state electronic systems.

Liquid-State Optoelectronics Using Liquid Metal

In this study, ceramic lattice microstructures were fabricated via micro-stereolithography using optical fibers to irradiate a photocurable ceramic slurry containing β-tricalciumphosphate microparticles. Changing the optical fiber core diameter and incident laser power can produce microstructures of the desired linewidths and cured depths. Fabrication conditions, such as scanning distance, accumulation pitch, and number of lamination layers, were optimized using the proposed method. The fabricated lattice structures were degreased and sintered to produce ceramic lattice structures. Overall, a simple and compact fabrication system was proposed for producing 3D microparts fabricated from various kinds of ceramics for electronics, mechanics, optics, and medical applications.

Multi-scale micro-stereolithography using optical fibers with a photocurable ceramic slurry

This paper proposes and demonstrates a method for multi-scale, multi-depth three-dimensional (3D) lithography. In this method, 3D molds for replicating microchannels are fabricated by passing a non-focused laser beam through an optical fiber, whose tip is immersed in a droplet of photopolymer. Line width is adjustable from 1 to 980 µm using eight kinds of optical fibers with different core diameters. The height of line drawing can be controlled by adjusting the distance between the tip of the optical fiber and a substrate. The surface roughness (Ra, Rz) of a single line and plane was evaluated. The method was employed to fabricate a 3D mold of a microchannel containing tandem chambers, which was then successfully replicated in PDMS. Multi-scale, multi-depth 3D lithography can provide a simple, flexible tool for producing PDMS microfluidic devices.

Multi-scale, multi-depth lithography using optical fibers for microfluidic applications

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Multi-scale micro-stereolithography using optical fibers with a photocurable ceramic slurry

Multi-scale, multi-depth lithography using optical fibers for microfluidic applications