統計年鑑 = Statistical yearbook

Improved cooking stoves (ICSs) advance the cooking system significantly in Bangladesh. However, the comparative performance analyses of ICSs of Bangladesh are not available in the literature. In th...

Mathematical model of heat transfer and feasibility test of improved cooking stoves in Bangladesh

Traditional biomass is a major source of cooking and heating energy in Tanzania. Although Tanzanian energy policy insists on the need to diversify energy sources, the level of diversification at a household level is not well known. This study identified energy use patterns and their associated factors in Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Specifically, the study identified the types of cooking fuels and stoves available and used by households, as well as how and why households combined various cooking fuels. The household survey was conducted in 294 randomly selected households in the districts of Rombo and Hai. We found that although biomass is becoming scarce, it is still a major source of cooking energy, combined with the traditional cooking stove. Only 10.2% of the households reported full-time use of improved biomass cookstoves (ICS). The rest combined ICS with the traditional stove, threatening the sustainability of the biomass resource. It was found that 15% of ICS used by households were abandoned due to various technical flaws. Factors like woodlot ownership, kitchen location, electric grid connection, quality of living, and sources of firewood were associated with partial switching of households to either transition fuels or cleaner fuels. We conclude that energy use patterns in this region demonstrate a partial switching of fuel source, because some households use transition fuels or cleaner fuels combined with firewood. Fuel diversification focused more on cooking with biomass than moving to cleaner fuels. This implies that biomass will continue to be a major source of cooking fuels for Tanzanian households and, hence, ICS remains the best solution. For ICS to have a broad impact and achieve more widespread use, it is necessary to address some technical problems associated with ICS. The government of Tanzania should revisit the cost of alternative energy sources like LPG to improve their affordability for the masses.

Patterns of household cooking energy and associated factors: experience from Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

Energy is crucial for a better quality of life and for sustainable human development. This has been demonstrated in previous chapters. It has been widely recognized that food and water security, productivity, health, education, climate change, and communication services are greatly affected by the quality and the quantity of energy services. The lack of or insufficient access to clean, affordable, reliable energy carriers is a major obstacle to reduce poverty and to improve the conditions and standard of living for the majority of the world’s population, thus hindering economic and social development [1–4]. Increasing access to sustainable and modern energy services will enable income generation; it will also reduce the time and drudgery of collecting fuel wood; support cleaner and more efficient cooking and heating options; and finally, it could also provide indoor lighting security at night, thus enabling children to study in the evenings [3, 5–12]. Yet many in the world, especially in the developing countries, still have insufficient access to sustainable energy services. This chapter presents Improved Cook-Stoves (ICS) and domestic biogas plants as technological options to improve access to sustainable energy services at both the household and community levels. The relevance of the technology, its performances, impacts and dissemination are discussed.

Modern Energies Services for Cooking: from Improved Cook-Stoves to Domestic and Community Biogas Based Systems

BRAC WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) programme aims to facilitate, in partnership with the government of Bangladesh and other stakeholders, the attainment of the targets of UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG) related to water and sanitation focusing underprivileged groups across the country and thereby improve the health situation and enhance equitable development. The study reveals that over 97% of the households across the survey area used tubewell water for drinking, while it was least used for bathing in both rainy and dry seasons. The use of tubewell water for food preparation significantly increased over time, which is one of the prior concerns of World Health Organization for improvement of health. Despite the progress in the use of tubewell water for different purposes, some technical challenges emerged as arsenic contamination in tubewell water, unmarked tubewell for arsenic or non-arsenic, no treatment of water before drinkingThe gap between knowledge and practice existed among the respondents. However, to transform the knowledge into practice and practice into habit, continuous learning process through more frequent cluster meetings, home visits by programme organizers, and practical demonstration of some practices are imperative. Women still play significant role in water collection and cleaning of tubewell platform and household latrine. Increased involvement of other family members in household activities would open up the opportunity for women to be involved in productive activities. Evidence reveals that significant reduction in the prevalence of water-related disease has been found. But challenge remains to continue on improved and sustained hygiene practices.

Achievements of BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programme Towards Millennium Development Goals and Beyond

Formerly worked in BRAC (Research and Evaluation Division), Bangladesh. (Currently working in Disaster, Environment and Climate Change programme of BRAC); 2 International Growth Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3 Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA; 4 Yale University, New Haven, USA; Formerly worked in BRAC RED, Bangladesh; Formerly worked in BRAC RED, Bangladesh (Currently working in ACNielsen Bangladesh); Formerly worked in BRAC RED, Bangladesh (Currently working in Administration and Risk Management programme of BRAC), BRAC RED, Bangladesh, Formerly worked in BRAC RED, Bangladesh (Currently working in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene programme of BRAC)

Promotion of improved cookstove in rural Bangladesh

This study aims to explore the impact of improved cook stoves (ICS) on fuel expenditure (consumption), smoke emission, and health of women (cook) in rural households of Bangladesh. In the follow-up survey (January-March 2010), 1,569 households, constituting of both who received ICS immediately after baseline survey (July-September 2008) and who had refused to use any ICS, were selected for interview using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. [Research Monograph Series No. 53]. URL:[http://www.bracresearch.org/monographs/Monograph_53.pdf].

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Pilot Intervention of Improved Cook Stoves in Rural Areas: Assessment of Effects on Fuel Use, Smoke Emission and Health

To facilitate achieving national target of 1 00 percent sanitation in Bangladesh by the year 2013, BRAC Water. Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme has been working in 150 upazilas for improving water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices. This study investigated the effect of BRAC WASH programme on sanitation in the intervention areas after two years of implementation, by comparing the data of baseline and midline surveys. Data of 30,000 households from 50 upazilas were used to measure the improvement in sanitation at household level. The sanitation situation in the same upazitas at institutional level was studied by surveying educational institutions (2 ,395 during baseline and 1,487 during midline), which were financed by the BRAC WASH programme for arranging improved sanitation facilities. Use of sanitary latrines increased significantly (p<0.001) both at household (7.1 %) and institutional level (2.4%). Additionally, the quality of sanitary latrines improved significantly (p<0.001 ). During midline survey higher percentage of latrines were found clean (17.2% at the households, 23.7% at the educational institutes) and with available water nearby the latrines (5.5% at the households, 11.4% at the institutes). There were also reduced percentage of latrines with stink (14 .8% at the households. 22.4% at the institutes) and residual fecal left (12 .8% at the households, 21 .6% at the institutes). The improvements of sanitation status could be attributed to the BRAC WASH activities implemented in the study areas for 2 years. However, there were some impediments revealed from the study, i.e., shifting of households using sanitary latrines to unsanitary practices, poverty, illiteracy etc .. which were slowing down the sanitation improvements. Thus, the BRAC WASH programme needs strengthening of ongoing activities addressing the key impediments at household level together with extended support for educational institutions to achieve the set goals.

Effects of BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme in improved sanitation: changes from baseline to midline survey

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Promotion of improved cookstove in rural Bangladesh

Pilot Intervention of Improved Cook Stoves in Rural Areas: Assessment of Effects on Fuel Use, Smoke Emission and Health

Effects of BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme in improved sanitation: changes from baseline to midline survey