Biomarkers are objectively measurable parameters that provide clinicians with timely information to guide diagnosis and patient management beyond that which can be obtained from routinely available data. The literature contains thousands of articles on biomarkers in veterinary medicine . Specifically reviewed are the acute kidney injury markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin, clusterin, and kidney-injury molecule-1; the cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides as biomarkers of heart disease; the acute phase protein C-reactive protein; procalcitonin; inflammatory cytokines ; the markers of neutrophil extracellular trap formation cell-free DNA and nucleosomes; and markers of injury to the endothelium and endothelial glycocalyx including hyaluronan. 

The Use of Biomarkers to Track and Treat Critical Illness

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a global health problem characterized by left ventricle become thick and stiff with effect of indication including chest pain, fluttering, fainting and shortness of breath. In this investigation, we aimed to identify diagnostic markers and analyzed the therapeutic potential of essential genes. Next generation sequencing (NGS) dataset GSE180313 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCM. DEGs were screened using the DESeq2 Rbioconductor tool. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Moreover, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was constructed, and module analysis was performed. Next, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network were constructed and analyzed. Finally, diagnostic values of hub genes were assessed by by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. By performing DEGs analysis, total 958 DEGs ( 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes) were successfully identified from GSE180313, respectively. GO and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses revealed that GO functions and signaling pathways were significantly enriched including response to stimulus, multicellular organismal process, metabolism and extracellular matrix organization. The hub genes of FN1, SOX2, TUBA4A, RPS2, TUBA1C, ESR1, SNCA, LCK, PAK1 and APLNR might be associated with HCM. The hub gens of FN1 and TPM3, together with corresponding predicted miRNAs (e.g., hsa-mir-374a-5p and hsa-miR-8052), and SH3KBP1 and ESR1 together with corresponding predicted TFs (e.g PRRX2 and STAT3) were found to be significantly correlated with HCM. This investigation could serve as a basis for further understanding the molecular pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of HCM. 

Identification of novel key genes and signaling pathways in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evidence from bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) has emerged as a potential biomarker for cardiovascular disease in humans. Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease in dogs, and we hypothesized that MMVD causes chronic inflammation that increases susceptibility to endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) damage. In this study, we measured the concentration of ESM-1 in a group of dogs with MMVD and evaluated factors affecting eGCX damage.Sixty-four dogs (control, n = 6; MMVD, n = 58) were enrolled in this study. There was no significant difference in serum ESM-1 concentrations among the MMVD stages. The serum ESM-1 concentration was significantly higher in the death group than in the alive group in MMVD dogs. (p = 0.006). In five dogs with MMVD, serum ESM-1 concentrations tended to decrease when the cardiac drug (pimobendan, furosemide, and digoxin) dose was increased.In cases where MMVD progressed to decompensated heart failure with clinical symptoms and resulted in death, the concentration of serum ESM-1 increased significantly. Therefore, ESM-1 could be utilized as a new potential negative prognostic factor in patients with MMVD. 

/pdf/evaluation-of-endothelial-cell-specific-molecule-1-as-a-1lvwrypp.pdf

Evaluation of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 as a biomarker of glycocalyx damage in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease

Abstract Background Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE) is a comprehensive term for non-infectious inflammatory brain diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by abnormal autoimmune responses. This study aims to compare the differences in survival and clinical response of MUE according to the adjuvant immunosuppressant use. Medical records of 82 dogs diagnosed with MUE were reviewed retrospectively. Results The overall survival time was 769 days (range 14–2687 days). The median survival time for each adjunctive was: leflunomide 1035 days (range 126–2163 days), mycophenolate mofetil 865 days (range 39–2191 days), cyclosporin 441 days (range 11–2176 days), cytosine arabinoside 754 days (range 6–1898 days) and a combination of mycophenolate mofetil and cytosine arabinoside 132 days (range 23–1227 days). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse events according to the immunosuppressants, but moderate to severe anemia was confirmed in 3 patients (18.7%) in the leflunomide group. Conclusions The survival time and response rate of MUE dogs differed depending on which adjunctive immunosuppressants were used. Leflunomide showed a long survival time and a relatively good response rate in dogs with MUE. However, a large-scale further study with standardized doses of immunosuppressants and supportive treatment and constant monitoring interval is needed. 

Retrospective evaluation of prognosis and survival with various immunosuppressants in 82 dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (2010–2021)

Abstract Background Pamidronate is used for the treatment of hypercalcemia. However, a rare but potential adverse event of pamidronate treatment is hypocalcemia. This report describes an unusual case of severe, irreversible hypocalcemia after a single injection of pamidronate for the treatment of hypercalcemia due to glucocorticoid withdrawal in a dog. Case presentation An 11-year-old castrated male Maltese dog presented with anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea (day 0). The patient had calcinosis cutis throughout the body, calcification of intraabdominal organs, mild azotemia, and severe hypercalcemia. The severe calcification was attributed to long-term glucocorticoid administration, which was discontinued 1 month before presentation. Fluid therapy, diuretics, calcitonin, and a single intravenous injection of pamidronate were used for the treatment of hypercalcemia. On day 14, normocalcemia was achieved, but renal failure occurred. On day 20, severe and irreversible hypocalcemia occurred, and on day 42, the patient was euthanized at the owner’s request because of worsened hypocalcemia and renal failure. Conclusions Although hypocalcemia is an extremely rare adverse event of bisphosphonate treatment, bisphosphonates like pamidronate can result in potentially life-threatening conditions according to the patient’s underlying conditions. Therefore, the patient’s condition should be closely monitored and any underlying conditions should be carefully evaluated before initiating the treatment for hypercalcemia using pamidronate. 

Pamidronate-induced irreversible symptomatic hypocalcemia in a dog with hypercalcemia after glucocorticoid withdrawal: a case report

Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum are rare complications associated with orbital blowout pathological fracture.A 7-year old, castrated male Abbysinian cat presented with anorexia, lethargy, nausea, eyelid swelling, nasal discharge, and sneezing. Based on the clinical and diagnostic work-up, the cat was diagnosed with T cell high-grade nasal lymphoma associated with orbital pathological fracture due to the tumour invasion. After chemotherapy, the cat showed massive subcutaneous emphysema from frontal region to abdomen and pneumomediastinum due to orbital blowout pathological fracture. As the nasal mass decreased in volume; the air had moved from the maxillary sinus to the subcutaneous region and the mediastinum through fascial planes in the head and neck region.This is a first case report of a massive subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum due to an orbital blowout pathological fracture following chemotherapy in feline nasal lymphoma in veterinary medicine. 

Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum following orbital blowout pathological fracture in a cat with nasal lymphoma: a case report

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Evaluation of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 as a biomarker of glycocalyx damage in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease

Retrospective evaluation of prognosis and survival with various immunosuppressants in 82 dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (2010–2021)

Pamidronate-induced irreversible symptomatic hypocalcemia in a dog with hypercalcemia after glucocorticoid withdrawal: a case report

Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum following orbital blowout pathological fracture in a cat with nasal lymphoma: a case report