Antibacterial Electrospun Nanofibrous Materials for Wound Healing

Wound management materials and technologies from bench to bedside and beyond

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body, supported by many cellular events that are tightly coordinated to repair the wound efficiently. Chronic wounds have potentially life-threatening consequences. Traditional wound dressings come in direct contact with wounds to help them heal and avoid further complications. However, traditional wound dressings have some limitations. These dressings do not provide real-time information on wound conditions, leading clinicians to miss the best time for adjusting treatment. Moreover, the current diagnosis of wounds is relatively subjective. Wearable electronics have become a unique platform to potentially monitor wound conditions in a continuous manner accurately and even to serve as accelerated healing vehicles. In this review, we briefly discuss the wound status with some objective parameters/biomarkers influencing wound healing, followed by the presentation of various novel wearable devices used for monitoring wounds and accelerating wound healing. We further summarize the associated device working principles. This review concludes by highlighting some major challenges in wearable devices toward wound healing that need to be addressed by the research community.

https://softscijournal.com/article/download/4973

Wearable electronics for skin wound monitoring and healing

Skin electronics provides remarkable opportunities for non‐invasive and long‐term monitoring of a wide variety of biophysical and physiological signals that are closely related to health, medicine, and human‐machine interactions. Nevertheless, conventional skin electronics fabricated on elastic thin films are difficult to adapt to the wet microenvironments of the skin: Elastic thin films are non‐permeable, which block the skin perspiration; Elastic thin films are difficult to adhere to wet skin; Most skin electronics are difficult to work underwater. Here, a Wet‐Adaptive Electronic Skin (WADE‐skin) is reported, which consists of a next‐to‐skin wet‐adhesive fibrous layer, a next‐to‐air waterproof fibrous layer, and a stretchable and permeable liquid metal electrode layer. While the electronic functionality is determined by the electrode design, this WADE‐skin simultaneously offers superb stretchability, wet adhesion, permeability, biocompatibility, and waterproof property. The WADE‐skin can rapidly adhere to human skin after contact for a few seconds and stably maintain the adhesion over weeks even under wet conditions, without showing any negative effect to the skin health. The use of WADE‐skin is demonstrated for the stable recording of electrocardiogram during intensive sweating as well as underwater activities, and as the strain sensor for the underwater operation of virtual reality‐mediated human‐machine interactions.

Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin.

Abstract Chronic wounds have become a significant threat to people's physical and mental health and have increased the burden of social medical care. Intelligent wound dressing (IWD) with wound condition monitoring and closed‐loop on‐demand drug therapy can shorten the healing process and alleviate patient suffering. However, single‐function wound dressings cannot meet the current needs of chronic wound treatment. Here, a wearable IWD consisting of wound exudate management, sensor monitoring, closed‐loop therapy, and flexible circuit modules is reported, which can achieve effective synergy between wound exudate management and on‐demand wound therapy. The dressing is attached to the wound site, and the wound exudate is spontaneously pumped into the microfluidic channel for storage. Meanwhile, the IWD can detect the state of the wound through the temperature and humidity sensor, and use this as feedback to control the liquid metal (LM) heater through a smartphone, thereby realizing the on‐demand drug release from the hydrogel. In a mouse model of infected wounds, IWD accelerates wound healing by reducing inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition. 

Wireless and Closed-Loop Smart Dressing for Exudate Management and On-demand Treatment of Chronic Wounds.

Wound healing is the dynamic tissue regeneration process replacing devitalized and missing tissue layers. With the development of photomedicine techniques in wound healing, safe and noninvasive photobiomodulation therapy is receiving attention. Effective wound management in photobiomodulation is challenged, however, by limited control of the geometrical mismatches on the injured skin surface. Here, adhesive hyaluronic acid–based gelatin nanofibrous membranes integrated with multiple light-emitting diode (LED) arrays are developed as a skin-attachable patch. The nanofibrous wound dressing is expected to mimic the three-dimensional structure of the extracellular matrix, and its adhesiveness allows tight coupling between the wound sites and the flexible LED patch. Experimental results demonstrate that our medical device accelerates the initial wound healing process by the synergetic effects of the wound dressing and LED irradiation. Our proposed technology promises progress for wound healing management and other biomedical applications.

Combinatorial wound healing therapy using adhesive nanofibrous membrane equipped with wearable LED patches for photobiomodulation

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules composed of smaller subunits known as monomers. The four primary categories of macromolecules found in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; they also encompass a broad range of natural and synthetic polymers. Recent studies have shown that biologically active macromolecules can help regenerate hair, providing a potential solution for current hair regeneration therapies. This review examines the latest developments in the use of macromolecules for the treatment of hair loss. The fundamental principles of hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, hair shaft (HS) development, hair cycle regulation, and alopecia have been introduced. Microneedle (MN) and nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems are innovative treatments for hair loss. Additionally, the application of macromolecule-based tissue-engineered scaffolds for the in vitro and in vivo neogenesis of HFs is discussed. Furthermore, we explored a new research direction wherein artificial skin platforms are adopted as a promising screening method for hair loss treatment drugs. Through these multifaceted approaches, we identified promising aspects of macromolecules for future hair loss treatments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Recent Trends in Macromolecule-Based Approaches for Hair Loss Treatment.

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) poses challenges like pain and numbness, necessitating innovative treatments due to current limitations. Conventional approaches, relying on pain relief medications and dose adjustments, fall short in addressing neurotoxicity, resulting in inadequate pain relief and undesired effects. Aconite root (AR), a medicinal herb withcenturies of use against various diseases, contains a compound named Aconine, which alleviates pain by blocking specific neural channels. However, AR also contains Aconitine, a toxic substance hydrolyzed into nontoxic Aconine through heating. Herein, hyaluronate‐poly(lactic ‐co ‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles (HA‐PLGA/AR NPs) encapsulating Aconine are fabricated, enabling controlled release, protection, and transdermal delivery, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. High‐performance liquid chromatography identifies optimal Aconine content after 48 h of AR boiling, with minimal neural toxicity confirmed. Characterization via transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and in vitro assays demonstrates superior drug release by HA‐PLGA/AR NPs, establishing effective transdermal Aconine delivery. In an in vitro CIPN model with paclitaxel (PTX)‐treated PC12 cells, HA‐PLGA/AR NPs stimulate enhanced neurite growth, validating their localized analgesic impact on CIPN and suggesting potential symptom alleviation. Taken together, HA‐PLGA/AR NPs offer a promising strategy for controlled transdermal Aconine delivery, potentially alleviating CIPN and addressing various neuropathies and diseases. 

Transdermal Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing Aconite Root for the Treatment of Chemotherapy‐Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

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Combinatorial wound healing therapy using adhesive nanofibrous membrane equipped with wearable LED patches for photobiomodulation

Recent Trends in Macromolecule-Based Approaches for Hair Loss Treatment.

Transdermal Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing Aconite Root for the Treatment of Chemotherapy‐Induced Peripheral Neuropathy