Restoration of weed communities in abandoned rice paddy fields in the Tama Hills, central Japan

Natural restoration of historical wetland plant communities in fallow fields with a degraded seed bank has been assumed to be possible only if source populations of the target species are present adjacent to the abandoned fields and a high density of suitable microsites is available. However, few studies have monitored both factors simultaneously and verified this assumption. We hypothesized that plant communities that are similar to historical wetlands, including back marshes, back swamps, and bogs, will reestablish in abandoned pasturelands in cases when (1) gaps for new recruitment emerge, followed by the decline of pastures; and (2) seeds with longevity are supplied from the surrounding remnant plant communities of wetlands. We conducted a survey of vegetation and microsites in pastures, abandoned pastures, and reference wetlands followed by structural equation modeling to verify our hypothesis for the natural restoration of Phragmites australis–Phalaris arundinacea and Alnus japonica–Spiraea salicifolia communities. These communities represent historical back marshes and back swamps along a river. However, our hypothesis was not verified for the natural restoration of Vaccinium oxycoccos–Sphagnum spp. communities, which represent plant communities in historical bogs grown on acidic peat that are maintained by rainfall and fog. Our findings partly support our hypothesis that decline in pastures creates gaps and that cumulative seed dispersal from nearby remnant wetlands allows the original wetland plant communities to regenerate. Further case studies are needed to determine how the natural restoration of bog plant communities occurs.

Wetland restoration by natural succession in abandoned pastures with a degraded soil seed bank

Carabid beetle community changes in paddy fields, abandoned paddy fields, and mountains were investigated to un derstand differences in species diversity and composition of different habitat types in small agricultural landscapes in South Korea. A total of 2,938 individuals from 37 species were identified and classified from the studied habitats. Di versity in the mountains was higher than that in abandoned paddy fields. As the number of years since abandonment increased, the diversity and stability of the carabid beetle community also increased. Abandoned paddy fields in some paddy field areas and adjoining mountainous areas, left with preconditions for management and control, have provided the opportunity to improve the diversity and habitat of small agricultural landscapes. Species composition changed continuously from the paddy fields to the mountains, in accordance with individual species habitat preferences. Aban doned paddy fields in small agricultural landscapes are believed to play an important role as transitional buffer zones between paddy fields and the adjacent mountainous areas.

/pdf/community-changes-in-carabid-beetles-coleoptera-carabidae-4llb3od733.pdf

Community changes in carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) through ecological succession in abandoned paddy fields

Irrigation Advisory Services (IAS) are powerful management instruments aiming to achieve the best efficiency in irrigation water use. So far the literature on farmers’ preferences for a specific sc...

Irrigation Advisory Services: Farmers preferences and willingness to pay for innovation:

イノシシによる農業被害が発生する要因を明らかにするため，農林業センサス情報に基づいた被害の説明を試みた。山梨県内の農業集落796を対象とし，各集落内における被害発生水田率と農林業センサスから抽出した9要因の関係を一般化線型モデルにより解析した。解析対象とした水田は57,361である。その結果，林野率，標高，農家減少率，耕作放棄地率は高いほど被害が多く，田平均面積，寄り合い，集落管理度は小さい，あるいは少ないほど被害が多かった。被害を説明するための，これら要因の重要性は同程度であった。一方，被害との関係が認められなかった要因は65歳以上農家人口率および自給農家率であった。以上のことから，被害の発生には林野率や標高といった地理的要因だけでなく，寄り合い，集落管理度，農家減少率といった人的要因も同様に重要であると結論した。

Factors Affecting Crop Damage by Wild Boar: The Analysis Using Census Data of Agriculture and Forestry.

Factors Affecting Plant Succession in Abandoned Paddy Fields in Mountainous Regions

We monitored vertical profile of soil moisture and groundwater level at the paddy field, which has low permeability, during subsurface irrigation and drainage. For the prediction of soil moisture movement in this paddy field, we made numerical simulation model used spreadsheet Microsoft EXCEL 2010. This model was written in finite difference method (FDM) in steady state. We prepared several sheets to calculate those equations, e.g., potential (=total head), stream function, and so on. Input governing equation into each cells, we solved governing equations. Consequently we found that 1) irrigated water moved to plow layer through filter materials of main drain, 2)groundwater level changed quickly during irrigation and drainage, 3)the numerical model succeeded to represent the measured profile of soil moisture in reasonable. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the conference. Keywords:

Four Decades of Progress in Monitoring and Modeling of Processes in the Soil-Plant- Atmosphere System: Applications and Challenges

We investigated the transient soil water movement of a potato field in Scotland during the whole 1987 growing season. The numerical simulation of water movement, considering climatic change, water uptake by roots and evapotranspiration, were based on the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) model. We compared the results of two simulation cases and the ob-served soil water distribution to evaluate the hysteretic effect in ƒÆ(h) relations for the soil water movement , where h is the pressure head and ƒÆ is the water content. Case I is the drying simulation using the main drying functions of the ƒÆ(h), and case II is the hysteretic simulation based on the simplified hysteresis model of ƒÆ(h). We used the mixed form of continuous eguation as the governing equation of the soil water flow to avoid the water balance error in the numerical solution. Consequently, the results of the hysteretic simulation were found to have high accuracy in representing the observed soil water distribution. Hysteresis does not affect the prediction of actual transpiration rates from the plants, since the soil water in the root zone was used by the plants as the effective water for the plant growth. The water balance error for the two cases of simulation, that based on the mixed form of continuous equation, was less than 2% during the 142 days of growing season.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjshwr1988/8/3/8_3_322/_pdf

Simulation model for soil water movement in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum considering hysteresis

We monitored vertical profile of soil moisture and groundwater level at the paddy field, which has low permeability, during subsurface irrigation and drainage. For the prediction of soil moisture movement in this paddy field, we made numerical simulation model used spreadsheet Microsoft EXCEL 2010. This model was written in finite difference method (FDM) in steady state. We prepared several sheets to calculate those equations, e.g., potential (=total head), stream function, and so on. Input governing equation into each cells, we solved governing equations. Consequently we found that 1) irrigated water moved to plow layer through filter materials of main drain, 2)groundwater level changed quickly during irrigation and drainage, 3)the numerical model succeeded to represent the measured profile of soil moisture in reasonable.

Spreadsheet Soil Moisture Dynamics

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Factors Affecting Plant Succession in Abandoned Paddy Fields in Mountainous Regions

Four Decades of Progress in Monitoring and Modeling of Processes in the Soil-Plant- Atmosphere System: Applications and Challenges

Simulation model for soil water movement in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum considering hysteresis

Spreadsheet Soil Moisture Dynamics