Nd:GdVO4 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the crystal were measured at room temperature. The thermal expansion and the specific heat of the crystal were also measured. Laser outputs at 1.06 and 1.34 µm were achieved when a Nd:GdVO4 crystal sample with a high Nd doping concentration was pumped by a low-power laser diode (LD) at 808.5 nm, and visible green and red laser outputs of intracavity frequency doubling at 0.53 and 0.67 µm were also achieved when nonlinear KTiOPO4 and LiB3O5 crystal, respectively, were used. The highly Nd-doped Nd:GdVO4 crystal was pumped by a high-power LD, and a greater than 5-W laser output power at 1.06 µm was obtained. A low-Nd-doping concentration Nd:GdVO4 crystal sample was pumped by a high-power LD, yielding laser output powers at 1.06 and 0.53 µm; 0.53-µm green laser output was obtained when a KTiOPO4 crystal was used, and the output beam’s values were M2=1.76 at an output power of 14.3 W at 1.06 µm and M2=1.55 at an output power of 3.3 W at 0.53 µm. Acousto-optical Q-switched laser outputs at 1.06 and 0.53 µm were also achieved. A thermal lens made from a Nd:GdVO4 crystal was measured; it was weaker than that of a Nd:YVO4 crystal. Some important material parameters, such as temperature-induced changes in refractive index, material constant, thermal-stress resistance figure of merit, and power per unit length at the stress fracture limit, have been estimated.

Characterization of the laser crystal Nd:GdVO 4

Defect induced laser damage in oxide multilayer coatings for 248 nm

High temperature annealing effects on spectral, microstructural and laser damage resistance properties of sputtered HfO2 and HfO2-SiO2 mixture-based UV mirrors

The thin film damage competition series at the Boulder Damage Symposium provides an opportunity to observe general trends in laser damage behavior between different coating types (high reflector, antireflector, polarizer, and Fabry–Perot filter), wavelength ranges (193 to 1064 nm), and pulse length ranges (40 fs to 18 ns). Additionally, the impact of deposition process, coating material, cleaning process, and layer count can be studied within a single year or more broadly across the history of this competition. Although there are instances where participants attempted to isolate a single variable to better understand its impact on laser resistance, this series of competitions isolates the variable of the damage testing service and protocol for a wide variety of participants to enable the observation of general trends. In total, 275 samples from 58 different participants have been tested at four different laser damage testing facilities over the last 10 years. Hafnia was clearly the best high refractive index material except for ultraviolet (UV) applications, although a wide range of high refractive index materials performed well. The best deposition process varied significantly between the different competitions. The best deposition process was dependent on the coating type, wavelength, and pulse duration. For 1064-nm coatings with nanosecond scale pulse lengths, e-beam coatings tended to be the best performers. For short-pulse length NIR mirrors and nanosecond pulse length UV mirrors, densified coating processes, which all involved sputtering of the target material, were the best performers. For UV antireflector (AR) coatings and excimer mirrors, both tested at nanosecond pulse lengths, they tended to favor very low energetic deposition methods yielding soft coatings, such as sol gel dip coating for the AR and resistive heating of fluorides for the excimer mirrors. Finally, cleaning method and layer count had a less obvious correlation with laser resistance over the history of this thin film damage competition series.

/pdf/ten-year-summary-of-the-boulder-damage-symposium-annual-thin-19h8newqqq.pdf

Ten-year summary of the Boulder Damage Symposium annual thin film laser damage competition

Characterization of LaF3 coatings prepared at different temperatures and rates

we investigated the laser damage thresholds and optical performances of fluorides multi-layered reflectors, consisting of middle index fluoride and Na3AlF, for high power KrF laser applications. It was found the damage thresholds of those reflectors are significantly improved by laser annealing. Those reflectors with annealing resisted against the fluence of 18-27 J/cm2 (this fluence varies on combinations of various fluorides) for 248 n, 15 nsec, 10Hz pulses.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Highly damage-resistant reflectors for 248 nm formed by fluorides multilayers

Laser damage thresholds of fluoride HR coating were investigated at 352 nm, 10 ns pulses. Additionally, an effective method to reduce the crazing in fluoride HR coatings is studied. A high threshold greater than 30 J/cm2 was achieved in LaF3/AlF3 coating when the laser conditioning procedure was used. The IAD process or double stack design with a combination of fluoride and HfO2SiO2 coating was effective in reducing the crazing.

Damage threshold of fluoride HR coatings at 352 nm

We describe efficient operation in an intracavity-doubled, diode bar-pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ laser using a newly designed stacked-glass plate (SGP) beam shaper. We used 20-W diode bars as pump source. It has 10 mm/spl times/1 /spl mu/m emitting dimensions with a divergence of 20/spl deg//spl times/50/spl deg/ (full angle) for horizontal and vertical dimensions. The SGP beam shaper consists of two sets of 15 SGPs. Each plate (25 mm square) is 1.5 mm thick and is stacked with a twist offset. The diode bar beam collimated in the vertical plane is condensed at the entrance of the first SGP and divided into 15 beams. Each beam is refracted at a different angle and transmitted in a different direction in a glass plate. As a result, each beam is emitted with a 1.5-mm gap in the vertical plane from the first SGP is exactly the same as the first one but positioned at a right angle to the first one. The second SGP causes all 15 beams from the SGP to be overlapped in the horizontal plane. As a result, M/sup 2/ of the diode bar beam is improved by a factor of about 15 in the horizontal dimension. Additionally, this beam shaper has a high transmission of 93% for the diode bar beam. The 15 stacked beams are then focused with a cylindrical and a spherical lens.

Efficient diode bar-pumped intracavity-doubled Nd:YVO/sub 4/ laser using stacked-glass plate beam shaper

We investigated the damage thresholds and optical stabilities of 193 nm fluoride HR coatings consisting of NdF3/Na3AlF6 and LaF3/Na3AlF3. These coatings were deposited on fused silica substrates by conventional electron beam (EB) and ion assisted deposition process (IAD). Damage thresholds of LaF3/Na3AlF6 HRs were significantly increased by laser conditioning procedure and low index overcoating when they were deposited by EB and low energy IAD process. NdF3/Na3AlF6 HRs showed negligible laser conditioning effect except certain few case, and had considerably lower damage thresholds than LaF3/Na3AlF6 HRs with conditioning (1.8 J/cm2). Optical stabilities of these HRs were significantly improved by low energy IAD process (50 - 100 eV) which had not harmful influence on damage thresholds.

Damage thresholds and optical stabilities of fluoride HR coatings for 193 nm

Fluoride HR coatings consisting of middle and low refractive index fluorides often show a higher damage threshold than oxide coatings in the UV range. However, the light scattering level of fluoride HR coatings tend to be higher than oxide ones. In this study, the scattering and surface roughness of fluoride HR coatings for KrF laser were investigated, and also compared with those of oxide HR coatings using Al2O3 as high index materials.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Light scattering of highest damage resistant fluoride HR coating for KrF laser

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