https://inspirehep.net/files/e1b6c51ad462e854ba7d4bc5853c9171

Grand unified theories and proton decay

Physics and technique of stochastic cooling

The Antiproton Decelerator of CERN began operation in 1999 to serve experiments for studies of CPT invariance by precision laser and microwave spectroscopy of antihydrogen ($\bar{\rm H}$) and antiprotonic helium ($\bar{p}{\rm He}^+$). The first 12 years of operation saw cold $\bar{\rm H}$ synthesized by overlapping clouds of positrons ($e^+$) and antiprotons ($\bar{p}$) confined in magnetic Penning traps. Cold $\bar{\rm H}$ was also produced in collisions between Rydberg positronium atoms and $\bar{p}$. Ground-state $\bar{\rm H}$ was later trapped for up to $\sim 1000$ s in a magnetic bottle trap, and microwave transitions excited between its hyperfine levels. In the $\bar{p}{\rm He}^+$ atom, UV transitions were measured to a precision of (2.3-5) $\times$ $10^{-9}$ by sub-Doppler two-photon laser spectroscopy. From this the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio was determined as $M_{\bar{p}}/m_e=$1836.1526736(23), which agrees with the p value. Microwave spectroscopy of $\bar{p}{\rm He}^+$ yielded a measurement of the $\bar{p}$ magnetic moment with a precision of 0.3%. More recently the magnetic moment of a single $\bar{p}$ confined in a Penning trap was measured with a higher precision, as $\mu_{\bar{p}}=-2.792845(12)$$\mu_{\rm nucl}$ in nuclear magnetons. Other measurements include the energy loss of 1-100 keV $\bar{p}$ traversing conductor and insulator targets; the cross sections of <10 keV $\bar{p}$ ionizing gas targets; and the cross sections of 5-MeV $\bar{p}$ annihilating on target foils via nuclear collisions. The biological effectiveness of $\bar{p}$ beams destroying cancer cells was measured as a possible method for radiological therapy. New experiments under preparation attempt to measure the gravitational acceleration of $\bar{\rm H}$ or synthesize $\obar{\rm H}^+$.

Physics at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator

Electron cooling in ICE at CERN

Experimental measurements have been made of the cooling of 200-MeV protons by an electron beam of 1 to 3 A and an energy of 110 keV. These experiments are an extention of earlier measurements on the cooling of 115-MeV protons and were performed in the Fermilab experimental proton storage ring. At 200 MeV the proton beam lifetime in the storage ring is extended from 10 to 4000 sec with electron cooling. The cooling times with an electron beam current of 1 A were approximately 2 sec for momentum and 5 to 10 sec for transverse cooling of the proton beam. For proton intensities of approximately 2 × 106 particles, the six-dimensional phase-space density Qf the proton beam was increased by a factor of 2 × 105. These results and data on equilibrium proton distributions and frictional forces are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions. In addition, the accumulation of successive "hot" batches of protons into a cold core, i.e. stacking, has been demonstrated.

Electron Cooling and Accumulation of 200-MeV Protons at Fermilab

https://cds.cern.ch/record/133337/files/197911313.pdf

Electron cooling experiment at CERN

Design Study of a Proton-anti-Proton Colliding Beam Facility

Stochastic cooling tests in ice

Recent experiments on stochastic cooling have resulted in cooling rates several orders of magnitude higher than obtained previously in the ISR. Two cooling systems reduce betatron oscillations. A third system reduces momentum spread, using the so-called filter method. The favourable signal-to-noise ratio of this method has led to cooling times (e-folding of peak density) of 15 s with 7.107 protons in ICE. Betatron cooling times are longer due to the lower signal-to-noise ratio. Simultaneous cooling in all three planes has yielded lifetimes of about 100 h, a value consistent with losses caused by single scattering on the residual gas. The existing stochastic cooling theory has been confirmed.

/pdf/experiments-on-stochastic-cooling-in-ice-initial-cooling-534orpoe1u.pdf

Experiments on Stochastic Cooling in ICE (Initial Cooling Experiment)

Invited Paper-Experiments on Stochastic Cooling in ICE (Initial Cooling Experiment)

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