Dear editor, The European Council resolution (9192/01) calls upon EU countries to use the European Standard Set (ESS) as a minimum to enable international comparison of DNA profiles. The ESS of loci presently contains only 7 loci which will not be sufficient for comparison purposes when massive exchanges of DNA profiles are undertaken. With the recent recommendation by the ENFSI and EDNAP groups related to new loci standards to facilitate the Treaty of Prüm, laboratories around Europe are exploring best practices to introduce these standards [1–3]. The purpose is to assist comparisons of DNA profiles between laboratories. Therefore the recently detected allele frequencies of the D1S1656, D2S441, D10S1248, D12S391 and D22S1045 loci can only be used in the forensic cases and paternity testing if they are considered for published data as recommended by the national guidelines. The aim was to study the Hungarian population genetic data on these new STR loci, and to calculate the statistical and forensic efficiency parameters. Afterwards the allele frequencies were compared with data of the published reports from other countries. The blood samples of 254 unrelated individuals from different regions of Hungary were tested for the new 5 STR loci (PowerPlex ESX 16). Furthermore, 531 population samples were analyzed by Powerplex ESX 16 (n = 254) and Identifiler (n = 277) kits for the D2S1358 and D19S433 loci, and this data has not been previously published. Each person gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. DNA was isolated from 200 ml of peripheral blood using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit based on the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen, Hagen, Germany). For testing the new STR loci, 500 pg genomic DNA was amplified with the PowerPlex ESX 16 amplification kit according to the manufacturer’s instruction. For the 2 additional loci (D2S1338 and D19S433) 1 ng genomic DNA was amplified with the Identifiler amplification kit as recommended by Applied Biosystems. PCR products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130 (Applied Biosystems). Fragment sizes and allele calling were determined using the GeneMapper ID 3.2 software (Applied Biosystems), PowerPlex ESX 16 (Promega) and Identifiler (Applied Biosystems) panels and bins. Polymorphism information content (PIC), expected heterozygosity (HET), observed heterozygosity (HET), power of discrimination (PD) were calculated [4–6]. P values for the HWE were calculated using Arlequin 2.0 [7]. Population comparison was carried out with G test at 95% significance level. Allelic designation and nomenclature of the genotypes was done following previous recommendations [8].

Allele distribution of the new European Standard Set (ESS) loci in the Hungarian population.

New alleles and mutational events in D12S391 and D8S1132: sequence data from an eastern German population.

Use of the genomic matching technique to complement multiplex STR profiling reduces DNA profiling costs in high volume crimes and intelligence led screens

The hypervariable short tandem repeat (STR) locus D12S391 was investigated in a Korean population and 34 fragments were sequenced to confirm the structure of alleles. From these sequenced fragments an allelic ladder containing 13 sequenced alleles was constructed. From 595 unrelated Koreans, 14 alleles were detected and one variant allele 19.3 was observed. The observed heterozygosity was 0.795 and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the Korean population (p = 0.606). The allele frequency distribution in the Korean population was not similar to other racial or ethnic groups except for Egyptians, Yemenis, Japanese and Caucasoids from the Rhine area. No mutations were observed in the 702 meioses from 144 Korean families. This study demonstrates that the STR locus D12S391 is a useful tool for forensic identification and parentage testing.

Population genetics of the hypervariable locus D12S391 in Koreans.

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Population genetics of the hypervariable locus D12S391 in Koreans.