Sonochemical synthesis of carbon dots, mechanism, effect of parameters, and catalytic, energy, biomedical and tissue engineering applications.

Nanosystems have shown encouraging outcomes and substantial progress in the areas of drug delivery and biomedical applications. However, the controlled and targeted delivery of drugs or genes can be limited due to their physicochemical and functional properties. In this regard, core-shell type nanoparticles are promising nanocarrier systems for controlled and targeted drug delivery applications. These functional nanoparticles are emerging as a particular class of nanosystems because of their unique advantages, including high surface area, and easy surface modification and functionalization. Such unique advantages can facilitate the use of core-shell nanoparticles for the selective mingling of two or more different functional properties in a single nanosystem to achieve the desired physicochemical properties that are essential for effective targeted drug delivery. Several types of core-shell nanoparticles, such as metallic, magnetic, silica-based, upconversion, and carbon-based core-shell nanoparticles, have been designed and developed for drug delivery applications. Keeping the scope, demand, and challenges in view, the present review explores state-of-the-art developments and advances in core-shell nanoparticle systems, the desired structure-property relationships, newly generated properties, the effects of parameter control, surface modification, and functionalization, and, last but not least, their promising applications in the fields of drug delivery, biomedical applications, and tissue engineering. This review also supports significant future research for developing multi-core and shell-based functional nanosystems to investigate nano-therapies that are needed for advanced, precise, and personalized healthcare systems.

Core–shell nanostructures: perspectives towards drug delivery applications

Automatic detection of particle size distribution by image analysis based on local adaptive canny edge detection and modified circular Hough transform.

Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials based strategies for neural tissue engineering

Fluorescent metal-doped carbon dots for neuronal manipulations.

Amazing conductivity, perfect honeycomb sp2 arrangement and the high theoretical surface area make pristine graphene as one of the best materials suited for application as catalyst supports. Unfortunately, the low reactivity of the material makes the formation of nanocomposite with inorganic materials difficult. Here we report an easy approach to synthesize nanocomposites of pristine graphene with palladium (Pd-G) using swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) as a soft template. The SLC template gives the control to deposit very small Pd particles of uniform size on G as well as RGO. The synthesized nanocomposite (Pd-G) exhibited exceptionally better catalytic activity compared with Pd-RGO nanocomposite in the hydrogenation of nitrophenols and microwave assisted C-C coupling reactions. The catalytic activity of Pd-G nanocomposite during nitrophenol reduction reaction was sixteen times higher than Pd nanoparticles and more than double than Pd-RGO nanocomposite. The exceptionally high activity of pristine graphene supported catalysts in the organic reactions is explained on the basis of its better pi interacting property compared to partially reduced RGO. The Pd-G nanocomposite showed exceptional stability under the reaction conditions as it could be recycled upto a minimum of 15 cycles for the C-C coupling reactions without any loss in activity.

/pdf/facile-synthesis-of-pristine-graphene-palladium-31f8025kf8.pdf

Facile synthesis of pristine graphene-palladium nanocomposites with extraordinary catalytic activities using swollen liquid crystals.

Solid phase extraction of pollutants requires the adsorbents to have high adsorption capacities, ease of separation and fast adsorption–desorption kinetics. Here we describe the development of magnetically separable adsorbents for dyes based on nanocomposites of polyaniline–iron oxide having a unique rod like morphology of polyaniline in which nanowires of iron oxide are embedded. Polyaniline–iron oxide nanocomposites having unique morphology were synthesized using swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) as soft structure directing agents. The SLCs are formed from a quaternary mixture of aqueous phase, oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant. Mesophases of aniline or ferric chloride were synthesized by trapping a small amount of aniline in the oil phase or by replacing the brine phase with aqueous ferric chloride in the SLCs, respectively. The unique morphology of the nanocomposites enables them to adsorb dyes rapidly from an aqueous medium. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics could be modelled using a pseudo second order reaction indicating that the adsorption was not limited by mass transport, probably due to the short diffusion lengths in the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites showed adsorption based on electrostatic interaction and had very high adsorption capacities of upto ∼100 mg g−1.

Synthesis of polyaniline–magnetite nanocomposites using swollen liquid crystal templates for magnetically separable dye adsorbent applications

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Facile synthesis of pristine graphene-palladium nanocomposites with extraordinary catalytic activities using swollen liquid crystals.

Synthesis of polyaniline–magnetite nanocomposites using swollen liquid crystal templates for magnetically separable dye adsorbent applications