A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

Dynamic sensing using intelligent composite: an investigation to development of new pH sensors and electrochromic devices

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show results of optical measurement performed on poly – (1-(4-methylenephenoxy-1)phenylene-4-methylene-1.4-phenylnenitrylomethylene) (PPI2) polyazomethine thin films and to compare with poly - (1.4-phenylenemethylenenitrilo-1.4 phenylenenitrilomethylene) (PPI). Design/methodology/approach: Influence of oxygen atom in the polymer chain on optical properties of polyazomethine was investigated. Optical UV-VIS and FTIR absorption spectra of polyazomethine PPI2 with oxygen atom were recorded and X-ray patterns of these polymers were performed. Findings: The oxygen atom incorporated in ordered way into PPI2 chain breaks conjugation and cause increase of energy gap in polymer. Research limitations/implications: The oxygen atom incorporated between phenylene rings of dialdehyde changes PPI chain into sequence of alternative three ring conjugated fragments and oxygen atoms. Practical implications: Addition of oxygen atom inside aldehyde fragment in polyazomethine chain influences conformation of polymer. The prepared layers of polyazomethine with oxygen atom in the backbone are expected to be more amorphous and more luminescent properties. Originality/value: Polyazomethine is very interesting material as it has nitrogen atom in the backbone, and is isoelectronic counterpart of polyparaphenylenevinylene (PPV). This paper shows that addition of oxygen atom into polyazomethine chain influences its optical properties.

Optical properties of polyazomethine with oxygen atom in the backbone

In this article, fuzzy subtractive clustering-based system identification and a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system are used to model the surface finish of the machined surfaces in end milling and to develop a better understanding of the effect of process parameters on surface quality. Such an understanding can provide insight into the problems of controlling the quality of the machined surface when the process parameters are adjusted to obtain certain characteristics. The surface finish model is identified by using spindle speed, feed rate; and depth of cut as input data. Surface finish of the machined part is the output of the process. The model building process is carried out by using fuzzy subtracting clustering-based system identification in both input and output space. Minimum error is obtained through numerous searches of clustering parameters. The fuzzy logic model is capable of predicting the surface finish for a given set of inputs (spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut). As such, t...

Modeling Surface Finish in End Milling Using Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering-Based System Identification Method

A use of artificial neural networks (ANN) and various
experimental designs (ED) for refinement of experimental data
obtained in a polarographic metal-ligand equilibrium study of
fully dynamic (labile) metal complexes was thoroughly examined
ANN were tested on evenly and randomly distributed experimental
error-free and error-corrupted data It was found that randomly
distributed experimental data did not influence the prediction
power of ANN Numerous tests demonstrated that ANN with
appropriate ED can provide accurate prediction in the stability
constants with the absolute errors in the range of +- 005 log
unit or smaller ANNs were found exceptionally robust Random
experimental errors have not influence estimates in stability
constants much even when errors in pH up to the value of +- 01
pH unit were introduced A special procedure has been worked
out that allows to minimise the influence of error-corrupted
data even further; no significant difference was observed
between results obtained on error-free and error-corrupted
data This procedure makes also possible to obtain a standard
deviation in the calculated stability constants that is usually
a difficult task when ANNs are used The results obtained from
ANN were compared with those obtained from a hard model based
non-linear regression techniques No significant difference in
evaluated data from these two, soft and hard model based
approaches, was found The use of ANN described here for
polarographic data is of general nature and, in principal, can
be adopted to other analytical techniques commonly used in
metal-ligand equilibrium studies

Evaluation of Equilibria with Use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). II. ANN and Experimental Design as a Tool in Electrochemical Data Evaluation for Fully Dynamic (Labile) Metal Complexes

A new approach towards the development of a pH sensor using a conducting polymer composite electrode is addressed. The approach is based on computer analysis of a subset of the empirical data set used for modelling the behaviour of the pH electrode. Using a fuzzy clustering algorithm the data were clustered. Then by applying a cubic spline technique the smoothest possible line was traversed between the cluster centres. The line itself represents a model for the behaviour of the composite pH electrode. Since the behaviour of the electrode depends on whether the pH is increasing or decreasing, two different models are created to represent well the system behaviour.

Towards an on-line conducting polymer composite based chemical sensor using a behavioural fuzzy clustering modelling technique

The development of a new polymeric composite interface is introduced for pH sensing application. The composite pH/R profile is compared with two other non-composite polymeric materials. It is noted that the composite performs in a promising manner over a wide range of pH. However, further improvement needs to be made to achieve more reproducible and reversible results.

Introduction to a novel polymeric composite-based interface: fabrication, characterization and application

In this paper, we report on the fabrication, characterisation, and application of new polymeric displays in view of the production of new navigation screens in the transportation industry. Conjugated polymer electroluminescence devices (CPELD) have been fabricated using poly (ppheneylene vinylene) (PPV). In this study, we report on the improvement of PPV-based displays by either adding side groups to the polymer structure or by copolymerisation. The effects, of a side group employed during synthesis, on the PL (Photoluminescence), EL (Electroluminescence) profiles and the light intensity of PPV derivatives were investigated. MEH (Methoxy-EthylHexyloxy) and MCHM (MethoxyCycloHexylMethyloxy) were used as side groups. It was found that the PL and EL intensities of the MCHM-PPV were higher than those of MEH-PPV. MCHM-PPV also demonstrated higher light emission at lower potentials and currents. Using copolymers of these two polymers produced even further improvement in PL intensity.

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry

A new application of soft-computing theory to conducting polymer sensors: a pH estimation study

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Towards an on-line conducting polymer composite based chemical sensor using a behavioural fuzzy clustering modelling technique

Introduction to a novel polymeric composite-based interface: fabrication, characterization and application

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry

A new application of soft-computing theory to conducting polymer sensors: a pH estimation study

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry