Bacteriophages of lactobacilli.

Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria

In this review, we are listing Lactobacillus phages that have been reported in peer-reviewed articles published since 1960. Putative phages that are defective or have not been shown to be infectious, such as phage-like particles, are not discussed. Our literature searches led to the identification of 231 Lactobacillus phages, 186 of which have been observed by electron microscopy, with 109 belonging to the Siphoviridae family, 76 to the Myoviridae family, and 1 to the Podoviridae family. Model phages infecting Lb delbrueckii, casei, rhamnosus, plantarum, and gasseri are highlighted, as well as prophages of Lactobacillus hosts. To date, nine complete Lactobacillus phage genomes are available for comparisons and evolution studies. Features such as phage receptors and endolysins are also reviewed, as well as phage-derived genetic tools. Lactobacillus phage research has progressed significantly over the past decade but a thorough understanding of their biology is still lacking. Because of the risks they represent and the knowledge gaps that need to be filled, the outlook for research on Lactobacillus phages is bright.

Bacteriophages of lactobacillus.

Thirteen virulent phages andtwotemperate phages oftwoclosely related bacterial species (Lactobacillus lactis andL.bulgaricus) werecompared fortheir protein composition, their antigenic properties, their restriction endonuclease patterns, andtheir DNA homology. Theimmunoblotting studies andtheDNA-DNA hybridizations showedthatthephages couldbedifferentiated intotwogroups. Onegroupcontained 2 temperate phages ofL.bulgaricus and11virulent phages ofL.lactis. Inside eachgroup, atleast twocommon proteins ofidentical sizes couldbedetected foreachphage. Theseproteins wereabletocross-react in immunoblotting experiments withanantiserum raised against onephage ofthesamegroup. Temperate phage DNAsshowedpartial homology withDNAsfromsomevirulent phages. Thesehomologies seemtobelocated ontheregion coding forthestructural proteins since recombinant plasmids coding foroneofthemajor phage proteins ofonephagewereabletohybridize withtheDNAsfromphages ofthesamegroup. Theseresults suggest thattemperate andvirulent phages mayberelated tooneanother. Lactobacilli, aswellaslactic streptococci, play acentral roleinvarious foodfermentation processes. Oneofthe primary causes ofslowacidproduction bylactic bacteria during industrial fermentations islysis bybacteriophages. Dothevirulent phages originate astemperate phages from lysogenic starter bacteria oraslytic phages fromexternal sources, intheindustrial fermentations? Theultimate sources ofthese phages arestill unknown. Various virulent andtemperate phages oflactic bacteria havebeenisolated. Classifications ofthese phages havebeenproposed onthe basis oftheir hostrange, their morphological type, ortheir antigenicity orsomecombination ofthese characteristics (1, 8,12,20,24,25). Thecriteria usedinallofthese studies reflect onlypartofthephagegenome.Recently, Jarvis proposed adifferentiation oflactic streptococcal phages into species byDNA-DNAhomology (13).

Thirteen Virulent andTemperate Bacteriophages ofLactobacillus bulgaricus andLactobacillus lactis Belong toaSingle DNA Homology Group

Thirteen virulent phages and two temperate phages of two closely related bacterial species (Lactobacillus lactis and L. bulgaricus) were compared for their protein composition, their antigenic properties, their restriction endonuclease patterns, and their DNA homology. The immunoblotting studies and the DNA-DNA hybridizations showed that the phages could be differentiated into two groups. One group contained 2 temperate phages of L. bulgaricus and 11 virulent phages of L. lactis. Inside each group, at least two common proteins of identical sizes could be detected for each phage. These proteins were able to cross-react in immunoblotting experiments with an antiserum raised against one phage of the same group. Temperate phage DNAs showed partial homology with DNAs from some virulent phages. These homologies seem to be located on the region coding for the structural proteins since recombinant plasmids coding for one of the major phage proteins of one phage were able to hybridize with the DNAs from phages of the same group. These results suggest that temperate and virulent phages may be related to one another.

Thirteen Virulent and Temperate Bacteriophages of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus lactis Belong to a Single DNA Homology Group

Bacteriophages of the Genus Lactobacillus

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Bacteriophages of the Genus Lactobacillus