A review of thick-target PIXE is presented. Particular attention is paid to the relative efficacies of various methods of calibration, to achievable detection limits and to various experimental factors which affect analytical accuracy.

PIXE analysis of thick targets

Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) has been used in analysis of ink and paper of the 42-line Bible and other early printed works. Results are reported and their significance discussed.

Gutenberg's inks and papers: non‐destructive compositional analyses by proton milliprobe

This chapter focuses on the study of the characterization and provenance of coins and other metal work using XRF, PIXE and activation analysis. The aim of this work is to give a general description on the usage of radiation techniques for determining the provenance of metals and understanding the manufacture technology of metallic objects. The main properties and differences for the most useful techniques are given in the chapter. Some complement radiation techniques are also considered. The chapter also lists several examples of metalwork, most of them on coinage, and important non-ferrous metals and alloys used in the past. These cover a large but far from complete number of fields of research. It is demonstrated that provenance may sometimes be determined by using trace elements patterns. For each main metal, after some geological, smelting and purification considerations, application of the radiation techniques to the manufacture technology and the provenance of the ores were considered to answer a number of particular historical questions.

The study of the characterisation and provenance of coins and other metalwork using XRF, PIXE and Activation Analysis

Elemental analysis of gold coins by particle induced x-ray emission (pixe)

The application of physics to archaeology has flourished in recent years to such an extent as to warrant a distinctive name-archaeometry. The contribution of physics to the study of archaeological materials is reviewed. Particular attention is given to investigations concerned with the manufacture and provenance of those materials that are most actively being examined. Accounts of techniques and case histories are presented. The review concludes by considering the application of physical principles to the conservation of antiquities.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/46/10/001/pdf

Physical studies of archaeological materials

Test analysis of ancient Au and Ag coins using high energy PIXE

Analysis of a silver statuette of mercury from bonn

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Test analysis of ancient Au and Ag coins using high energy PIXE

Analysis of a silver statuette of mercury from bonn