The past several decades have seen a significant rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. A solar energy based technology to recycle carbon dioxide into readily transportable hydrocarbon fuel (i.e., a solar fuel) would help reduce atmospheric CO2 levels and partly fulfill energy demands within the present hydrocarbon based fuel infrastructure. We review the present status of carbon dioxide conversion techniques, with particular attention to a recently developed photocatalytic process to convert carbon dioxide and water vapor into hydrocarbon fuels using sunlight.

Toward Solar Fuels: Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Hydrocarbons

A review of the aqueous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper

To improve the sustainability of transportation, a major goal is the replacement of conventional petroleum-based fuels with more sustainable fuels that can be used in the existing infrastructure (fuel distribution and vehicles). While fossil-derived synthetic fuels (e.g. coal derived liquid fuels) and biofuels have received the most attention, similar hydrocarbons can be produced without using fossil fuels or biomass. Using renewable and/or nuclear energy, carbon dioxide and water can be recycled into liquid hydrocarbon fuels in non-biological processes which remove oxygen from CO2 and H2O (the reverse of fuel combustion). Capture of CO2 from the atmosphere would enable a closed-loop carbon-neutral fuel cycle. This article critically reviews the many possible technological pathways for recycling CO2 into fuels using renewable or nuclear energy, considering three stages—CO2 capture, H2O and CO2 dissociation, and fuel synthesis. Dissociation methods include thermolysis, thermochemical cycles, electrolysis, and photoelectrolysis of CO2 and/or H2O. High temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 makes very efficient use of electricity and heat (near-100% electricity-to-syngas efficiency), provides high reaction rates, and directly produces syngas (CO/H2 mixture) for use in conventional catalytic fuel synthesis reactors. Capturing CO2 from the atmosphere using a solid sorbent, electrolyzing H2O and CO2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells to yield syngas, and converting the syngas to gasoline or diesel by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is identified as one of the most promising, feasible routes. An analysis of the energy balance and economics of this CO2 recycling process is presented. We estimate that the full system can feasibly operate at 70% electricity-to-liquid fuel efficiency (higher heating value basis) and the price of electricity needed to produce synthetic gasoline at U.S.D$ 2/gal ($ 0.53/L) is 2–3 U.S. cents/kWh. For $ 3/gal ($ 0.78/L) gasoline, electricity at 4–5 cents/kWh is needed. In some regions that have inexpensive renewable electricity, such as Iceland, fuel production may already be economical. The dominant costs of the process are the electricity cost and the capital cost of the electrolyzer, and this capital cost is significantly increased when operating intermittently (on renewable power sources such as solar and wind). The potential of this CO2 recycling process is assessed, in terms of what technological progress is needed to achieve large-scale, economically competitive production of sustainable fuels by this method.

Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear energy

https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/101607113/1_s2.0_S0360128516300260_main.pdf

Electrocatalysts for the generation of hydrogen, oxygen and synthesis gas

CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons is a promising way of making waste to wealth and energy storage, which also solves the environmental and energy issues caused by CO2 emissions Much efforts and research are aimed at the conversion of CO2 via hydrogenation to various value-added hydrocarbons, such as CH4, lower olefins, gasoline, or long-chain hydrocarbons catalyzed by different catalysts with various mechanisms This review provides an overview of advances in CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons that have been achieved recently in terms of catalyst design, catalytic performance and reaction mechanism from both experiments and density functional theory calculations In addition, the factors influencing the performance of catalysts and the first C–C coupling mechanism through different routes are also revealed The fundamental factor for product selectivity is the surface H/C ratio adjusted by active metals, supports and promoters Furthermore, the technical and application challenges of CO2 conversion into useful fuels/chemicals are also summarized To meet these challenges, future research directions are proposed in this review

/pdf/a-short-review-of-recent-advances-in-co2-hydrogenation-to-30lrmf2yxp.pdf

A short review of recent advances in CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons over heterogeneous catalysts

Materials for global carbon dioxide recycling

Tailoring of active nickel alloy cathodes for hydrogen evolution in a hot concentrated hydroxide solution was attempted by electrodeposition. Electrodeposited iron is naturally more active for hydrogen evolution than nickel, but Ni‐Fe alloys show further high activity for hydrogen evolution, although the rate‐determining step being assumed as proton discharge is not changed. The carbon addition to iron or nickel remarkably enhances the activity for hydrogen evolution and changes the mechanism of hydrogen evolution. Ternary Ni‐Fe‐C alloys show the highest activity for hydrogen evolution, and the Tafel slope of hydrogen evolution is about 33 mV/dec, suggesting the rate‐determining step of desorption of adsorbed hydrogen by recombination. XPS analysis reveals that the charge transfer occurs from nickel to iron in alloys and the carbon addition particularly enhances the charge transfer. Accelerated proton discharge due to enhanced charge transfer from nickel to iron seems responsible for the high activity of the Ni‐Fe‐C alloys for hydrogen evolution. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Electrodeposited Ni‐Fe‐C Cathodes for Hydrogen Evolution

Tailoring active nickel alloy cathodes for hydrogen evolution in a hot concentrated hydroxide solution was attempted by electrodeposition. The carbon addition to Ni–Mo alloys decreased the nanocrystalline grain size and remarkably enhanced the activity for hydrogen evolution, changing the mechanism of hydrogen evolution. The Tafel slope of hydrogen evolution was about 35 mV per decade. This suggested that the rate-determining step is desorption of adsorbed hydrogen atoms by recombination. As was distinct from the binary Ni–Mo alloys, after open circuit immersion, the overpotential, that is, the activity of nanocrystalline Ni–Mo–C alloys for hydrogen evolution was not changed, indicating the sufficient durability in the practical electrolysis.

Nanocrystalline electrodeposited Ni–Mo–C cathodes for hydrogen production

水素製造に用いるナノ結晶Ni-Mo-C陰極

CO 2 emission increase inducing global warming occurs mostly with the growth of the economic activity. Global CO 2 recycling can prevent global warming and supply abundant renewable energy. Global CO 2 recycling consists of three district: The electricity is generated by solar cells on deserts. At coasts close to the deserts, the electricity is used for hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis and hydrogen is used for methane production by the reaction with CO 2 . Methane (CH 4 ) is liquefied and transported to energy consuming districts where after CH 4 is used as a fuel CO 2 is recovered, liquefied and transported to the coasts close to the deserts. Key materials necessary for the global CO 2 recycling are the anode and cathode for seawater electrolysis and the catalyst for CO 2 conversion. All of them have been tailored by us. Amorphous and nanocrystalline nickel alloys are active cathodes for hydrogen production in seawater electrolysis. Anodically deposited nanocrystalline Mn–Mo and Mn–W oxides are the unique substance which can evolve oxygen with 100% efficiency without evolving chlorine in seawater electrolysis. Amorphous Ni–Zr alloys are excellent precursors of catalysts for conversion of CO 2 into CH 4 by the reaction with hydrogen at 1 atm. A prototype CO 2 recycling plant to supply clean energy preventing global warming has been built on the roof of our Institute (IMR) in 1996 using these key materials and has been operating successfully.

Advanced materials for global carbon dioxide recycling

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