HV distribution networks are generally of radial form and consist of a large number of elements. This gives rise to many possibilities of outages which can lead to large numbers of customer disconnections. Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) aim to improve automatic, post-fault outage restoration of 11kV networks to minimize disconnections and disconnection times. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue but limitations arise due to the sparse information of voltage and current available on such networks. The restoration strategy should, where possible, restore the maximum number of customers, whilst maintaining the integrity of the network. In order for automatic systems to operate, voltage and current measurements must be obtained from various points of the network for analysis during pre-outage and post-outage. The present work assumes that remote voltage and current measurements are available throughout the network and A novel post-fault restoration algorithm is proposed and applied to a real 11kV distribution network. Details of the load restoration strategies used that are based on (i) Upstream Load Restoration (ULR) and (ii) Downstream Load Restoration (DLR) are described, and the performance of the network feeders post-restoration analyzed.

HV distribution network supply restoration

In this thesis, algorithms are proposed to improve electricity distribution network supply restoration. The practical implementation of such algorithms relies on the presence of fully automated switches located at a certain number of network substations. The algorithm has the capability to restore a maximum number of customers if an outage occurs on any section of the test network. Since a very high cost is usually involved in the implementation of the fully automated system, a second algorithm was introduced with the aim of reducing the number and location of required switches. Discrete Particle Swarm Optimisation (DPSO) was employed to identify optimal placement of a limited number of remotely operable protective devices as well as the optimal sequence of reconfiguration and restoration of the supply. The reliability of the network was determined by calculating the number of possible post-outage restored customers, considering both upstream and downstream restorations. In the selection of optimal switching sequences, network voltage and current constraints were also considered to ensure that the identified restoration was viable. Further, the proposed algorithm considered the failure rate on each section of the network in arriving at the proposed optimal locations of switches. The developed DPSO-based algorithm and Brute Force is described and applied to real 11kV urban, semi-urban and rural distribution networks each with a different number of feeders and substations. These proposed algorithms have the capability to search for an unlimited number and locations of switches pairs or clusters for all networks (urban, semi-urban and rural) with optimal locations and number of Remotely Operable Switch Pairs (ROS). It was demonstrated that less than half of fully automated switches are needed to restore more than 95% of customers for each case study network. A significant reduction in investment cost of protective devices could be achieved by applying the proposed algorithm and at the same time improving and optimising the reliability of 11kV distribution networks.

Security of supply improvement in high voltage distribution systems

This paper presents a methodology including mixed-integer linear programming formulation for long term maintenance schedule of overhead lines considering feeders ranking. Important feeders are extracted from a ranking list by basic indices such as the type of costumers, loads, length, extent as well as failure rates of feeders. It is necessary to consider importance of feeder in overhead lines maintenance scheduling. In other words, feeders ranking would enable distribution planners and asset managers to have a high accuracy investment decision which can be made effectively towards maintenance scheduling. The proposed methodology is tested on 11-feeder the Roy Billinton Test System which revealed the accuracy and efficiency of the approach.

Overhead lines maintenance scheduling in power distribution system considering feeders ranking

The type of automation scheme selected for a distribution network depends on numbers of customers, network configuration, accessibility to the network and availability of operational staff. Remote system control and automation can be of benefit for routine network switching when system loads can be moved quickly and with little or no effort by operational field staff. Its greatest use, however, is under fault conditions and especially at times of adverse weather conditions when the system may be suffering from numerous faults and engineering demands are stretched to the limit. In these conditions automation can help restore customer supplies locally allowing the System Control Centre engineers to deal with higher priority network problems, without rural customers being disadvantaged. The underlying objective however, is for the supply authority to provide its customers with a safe, secure and reliable source of electricity supply. System automation provides an essential element in achieving these objectives.

System automation in power distribution

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System automation in power distribution