This paper provides an overview of high-energy quasi-monoenergetic neutron sources and facilities above 20 MeV around the world. Various technical matters are discussed which are required in characterizing the neutron fields by spectrometry, fluence and beam profile measurements. Important topics regarding the calibration of neutron detectors are also introduced with emphasis on beam monitoring, tail correction, background subtraction and fluence-to-dose conversion. Efforts to standardize the high-energy neutron fluence in Japan and by the German national metrology institute in collaboration with Belgian and South African institutions are also presented.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/48/6/S06/pdf

Quasi-monoenergetic high-energy neutron standards above 20?MeV

The response functions of 25.4 cm (length) x 25.4 cm (diameter) NE213 organic liquid scintillator have been measured for neutrons in the energy range from 20 to 800 MeV at the Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) and at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) of Osaka University. At HIMAC, white (continuous) energy spectrum neutrons were produced by the 400 MeV per nucleon carbon ion bombardment on a thick graphite target, whose energy spectrum has already been measured by Kurosawa et al., [Nucl. Sci. Eng. 132, 30 (1999)] and the response functions of the time-of-flight-gated monoenergetic neutrons in a wide energy range from 20 to 800 MeV were simultaneously measured. At RCNP, the quasi-monoenergetic neutrons were produced via 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction by 250 MeV proton beam bombardment on a thin 7Li target, and the TOF-gated 245 MeV peak neutrons were measured. The absolute peak neutron yield was obtained by the measurement of 478 keV gamma rays from the 7Be nuclei produced in a Li target. The measured results show that the response functions for monoenergetic neutrons 250 MeV, the plateau and the edge become unclear because the proton range becomes longer than the detector size and the escaping protons increase. It can be found that the efficiency of the 24.5 cm (diameter) x 25.4 cm (length) NE213 for the 250 MeV neutrons is -10 times larger than the 12.7 cm (length) x 12.7 cm (diameter) NE213, which is widely used as a neutron spectrometer.

Measurements of the response functions of a large size NE213 organic liquid scintillator for neutrons up to 800 MeV

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Measurements of the response functions of a large size NE213 organic liquid scintillator for neutrons up to 800 MeV