https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(09)01177-9/pdf

Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a Global Problem

The 1997 Japanese organ transplantation law is the fruit of a long debate on "brain death" and organ transplantation, which involved the general public and experts in the relevant fields. The aim of this paper is to trace the history of the implementation of the law and to critique the law in terms of its consistency and fairness. The paper argues that the legislation adopts a double standard regarding the role of the family. On the one hand, the legislation over-emphasizes the family's authority by granting the family a veto on the matter of organ transplantation, while, on the other hand, not allowing the family to make surrogate decisions. In addition, the role of law in cases involving minor or incompetent patients is shown to be similarly misguided. The paper argues that accepting a decisive role for the family in current law is compatible with Japanese culture.

Criticism of "Brain Death" Policy in Japan

This research empirically examines and compares the adoption of health technologies through case studies. The health technologies under review are assisted reproductive technologies, cochlear implants, haematopoietic stem cell transplantations, caesarean section deliveries, Gamma knife units and kidney transplants in four countries: Japan, Korea, the UK and the US. The interactions between the micro factors of health technologies and the macro environment in the adoption of health technologies are examined on the basis of a literature review and analysis of data. The micro factors were evaluated in terms of economic, clinical and technical aspects. In assessing the macro factors, payment systems and regulations related to the selected health technologies were taken into account. To examine the micro factors, the results of health technology assessments in earlier studies were reviewed. In order to explore the macro factors, historical changes in the payment systems affecting the selected health technologies and legal regulations, including legislation, directives, guidelines and court orders related to the technologies, were investigated. The adoption level of health technologies was evaluated in time-series and cross-sectional terms, measuring the trend of technology adoption and comparing the experience of the four countries under review. This research suggests clustering health technologies into “welfare oriented technology” and “private benefit oriented technology” by considering the economic incentives of adopters, individual desires of consumers and public concern over the technology. Private benefit oriented technologies are those which adopters expect to increase income from the providers or which meet the personal desires of the consumers. For welfare oriented technology, the decision is dominated by the aims of public welfare. As the model predicted, the adoption of welfare oriented technologies was higher in the health systems under national planning, while that of private benefit oriented technologies was higher in the systems whose health provisions accept market conditions.

A comparison of health technology adoption in four countries (Japan, Korea, the UK, and the US).

book. Tehran: 2000. p. 23-28. 9. Transplant Coordination manual, Manyalich M. TPM educational project. Barcelona (Spain): University of Barcelona; 2001. p. 11-23. 10. Transplant procurement Management, Manyalich M. Organization of Organ Donation and Role of Coordinators. Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation 1999: 175-182. 11. Japan Organ Transplant Network (JOTNW). Available from: URL: http://www.jotnw.or.jp/news.html. 12. Awaya T. Testimony at the U.S. Congress on the transplantation of Organs from executed prisoner in china. The review of Tokuyama University 1998 Dec; 50: 177-

Worldwide cadaveric organ donation systems (transplant organ procurement).

With the success of solid-organ transplantation has come the growing awareness of the need for new strategies to deal with the ever-widening gap between recipient need and donor availability. According to United Network for Organ Sharing data, approximately 3000 patients die each year while waiting for an organ transplant, and another 100,000 die without making it to the waiting list. Renewed attention has been focused on three potential sources of organs: the non–heartbeating donor, the marginal donor, and the living nondirected donor. Although the use of non–heart-beating donors is not new, more attention has been given them because of the fixed number of donors meeting brain-death criteria. A growing body of ethical and technical evidence supports the use of the non–heart-beating donor in renal and extrarenal transplantation. In addition, the use of kidneys from so-called marginal donors in simultaneous dual kidney transplants has gained acceptance in many centers, although the criteria for when to implant singly or doubly remain to be adequately defined. The use of living nondirected kidney donors, the so-called altruistic stranger, has received growing interest, and institutional protocols to allow such donations are being formed in several centers. This article reviews the current data regarding each of these potential sources of donors. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2001,

Non–heart-beating donors, double renal transplantation, and nondirected living donation in kidney transplantation

Current arrangement and activity of organ transplantation after new organ transplant legislation in Japan.

Coexistence of HLA and KIR ligand mismatches as a risk factor for viral infection early after cord blood transplantation

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Current arrangement and activity of organ transplantation after new organ transplant legislation in Japan.

Coexistence of HLA and KIR ligand mismatches as a risk factor for viral infection early after cord blood transplantation