This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Bogin, Barry; Vera, Carlos; Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Cristiane: "Human life course biology: A Centennial Perspective of scholarship on the human pattern of growth and capacity for culture" which has been published in final form at: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165.4 (2018): 834-854 titled : "Human life course biology: A centennial perspective of scholarship on the human pattern of physical growth and its place in human biocultural evolution". DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23357. This is article non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving"

/pdf/human-life-course-biology-a-centennial-perspective-of-u7e7i8gg39.pdf

Human life course biology: A centennial perspective of scholarship on the human pattern of physical growth and its place in human biocultural evolution.

The African pygmy phenotype stems from genetic foundations and is considered to be the product of a disturbance in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis. However, when and how the pygmy phenotype is acquired during growth remains unknown. Here we describe growth patterns in Baka pygmies based on two longitudinal studies of individuals of known age, from the time of birth to the age of 25 years. Body size at birth among the Baka is within standard limits, but their growth rate slows significantly during the first two years of life. It then more or less follows the standard pattern, with a growth spurt at adolescence. Their life history variables do not allow the Baka to be distinguished from other populations. Therefore, the pygmy phenotype in the Baka is the result of a change in growth that occurs during infancy, which differentiates them from East African pygmies revealing convergent evolution.

/pdf/growth-pattern-from-birth-to-adulthood-in-african-pygmies-of-1m6m086pjm.pdf

Growth pattern from birth to adulthood in African pygmies of known age

This study focuses on regional patterns in stature in Dutch society during the 19th and early 20th century (1813–1913). To analyze regional patterns and transitions the HSN Database Giants is used. Results confirm that in the first period (1830–1860) differences in the biological standard of living were substantial. The less market-oriented inland provinces had the highest level. This is in line with the Komlos-hypothesis. The modernization of the Dutch economy in the second half of the 19th century was accompanied by a substantial increase in average height and a reversal of the spatial pattern of living standards as modernization was more important in the market oriented regions. Nevertheless, regional differences remained substantial and there was no pattern of convergence. Conscripts from the market-oriented coastal provinces took over the lead from the inland provinces. I tested for an urban premium during the last period (1890–1913). This was confirmed, although it did not manifest itself in cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, but rather in medium-sized and small cities.

/pdf/development-of-regional-variety-of-the-biological-standard-3ilhkxwwzc.pdf

Development of regional variety of the biological standard of living in the Netherlands, 1812-1913.

Computerized mathematical models describing absolute and relative individual growth during puberty in both cm and standard deviation (SD)-scores are lacking. The present study aimed to fill this gap, by applying the QEPS-model that delineates mathematically the specific pubertal functions of the total growth curve. Study population used was the individual growth curves of the longitudinally followed cohort GrowUp1974 Gothenburg (n = 2280). The QEPS-model describes total height as (T)otal-function: a combination of four shape-invariant growth functions, modified by time-scale and height-scale parameters: a (Q)uadratic-function for the continuous growth from fetal life to adulthood; a negative (E)xponential-function adds the rapid, declining fetal/infancy growth; a (P)ubertal-function the specific pubertal growth spurt; a (S)top-function the declining growth until adult height. A constructed variable, MathSelect, was developed for assessing data-quality. CIs and SD-scores for growth estimates were calculated for each individual. QEPS-model estimates used for pubertal growth; from the T-function: onset of puberty as minimal height velocity (AgeT
 ONSET
 ); mid-puberty as peak height velocity (AgeT
 PHV
 ); end of puberty as height velocity decreased to 1 cm/year (AgeT
 END
 ); duration of different intervals and gain (AgeT
 ONSET–END
 and Tpubgain); from the P-function: onset of puberty, estimated as growth at 1% or 5% (AgeP1
 ,
 AgeP5); mid-puberty as 50% (AgeP50) and PHV (AgeP
 PHV
 ); end of pubertal growth at 95 or 99% (AgeP95, AgeP99); duration of different intervals and pubertal gain (Ppubgain; P
 max
 ); from the QES-function: gain (QESpubgain)
 .
 Application of these mathematical estimates for onset, middle and end of puberty of P-function, QES-function, and T-function during puberty showed: the later the onset of puberty, the greater the adult height; pubertal gain due to the P-function growth was independent of age at onset of puberty; boys had higher total gain during puberty due to P-function growth than to QES-function growth; for girls it was reversed. QEPS is the first growth model to provide individualized estimates of both the specific pubertal growth function and the total growth during puberty, with accompanying SD-scores and Cis for each individual. These QEPS-derived estimates enable more in-depth analysis of different aspects of pubertal growth than previously possible.

/pdf/insight-into-human-pubertal-growth-by-applying-the-qeps-wkuqebkbtu.pdf

Insight into human pubertal growth by applying the QEPS growth model

The power of the kashrut: older but shorter. The impact of religious nutritional and hygienic rules on stature and life expectancy of Jewish conscripts in the early 19th century

The power of the kashrut: older but shorter. The impact of religious nutritional and hygienic rules on stature and life expectancy of Jewish conscripts in the early 19th century.

The association between poverty, malnutrition, illness and poor socioeconomic conditions on the one side, and poor growth and short adult stature on the other side, is well recognized. Yet, the simple assumption by implication that poor growth and short stature result from poor living conditions, should be questioned. Recent evidence on the impact of the social network on adolescent growth and adult height further challenges the traditional concept of growth being a mirror of health. Twenty-nine scientists met at Glucksburg castle, Northern Germany, November 15th - 17th 2013, to discuss genetic, endocrine, mathematical and psychological aspects and related issues, of child and adolescent growth and final height.

Adolescent growth: genes, hormones and the peer group

Adolescent growth: genes, hormones and the peer group. Proceedings of the 20th Aschauer Soiree, held at Glücksburg castle, Germany, 15th to 17th November 2013.

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Adolescent growth: genes, hormones and the peer group

Adolescent growth: genes, hormones and the peer group. Proceedings of the 20th Aschauer Soiree, held at Glücksburg castle, Germany, 15th to 17th November 2013.