2D braided composites: A review for stiffness critical applications

The use of commingled yarns is one of the more promising routes for producing structural thermoplastic composites. The textile processes available enable faster manufacturing and tailoring of the fiber architecture of preforms. Development of this technology is pushed by significant interest from, for example, the transportation industry. This paper reviews work done on commingled materials, including yarn manufacturing and preforming, modeling of impregnation and consolidation, and mechanical properties of the composites.

Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Composites from Commingled Yarns-A Review:

Influence of processing conditions on bending property of continuous carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites

Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/2/180/pdf

Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review.

Polyurethane foam is commonly used as padding in car seats despite some problems concerning comfort and recycling. Compared with polyurethane foam, textile seat padding is easier to recycle; so textile padding is a good candidate to substitute foam padding as regulations on recycling have become more stringent on car manufacturers. With the available textile option, warp-knitted spacer fabrics are likely a good substitute for polyurethane foam as padding in car seats. Warp-knitted spacer fabric structures can be designed to be quite flexible in a variety of thicknesses. Warp-knitted spacer fabrics can be very resilient and may display good breathing properties. The current work presents a study on the application of warp-knitted spacer fabrics as cushion in car seats. The results show that, relatively to polyurethane foam, warp-knitted spacer fabrics demonstrate better recovery to compression, thermal properties and breathability. Furthermore, warp-knitted spacer fabrics retain their original thi...

Application of warp-knitted spacer fabrics in car seats

Mechanical parameters such as bending rigidity, thickness, compressibility, and coef ficient of friction are measured by a sensory method for a series of plain and rib weft knitted structures made from cashmere and polyester textured yarns. The values estimated by the sensory method are found to be in fairly good agreement with the values measured on the KES system. The results of our work indicate that by using a standard and controlling the handling manner, sensory assessments can be as successfully quantified as instrumental measurements. However, detectable differences in each mechanical param eter vary with the sensory assessment, depending on the property being considered. The sensory measurement of fabric thickness yields the most consistent and accurate results. Other parameters such as the bending rigidity, compressibility, and coefficient of friction are also reasonably estimated. In addition, the effectiveness of the sensory measurements is also discussed in terms of knit construction and fiber...

Sensory Measurements of the Main Mechanical Parameters of Knitted Fabrics

Three types of glass/nylon 6 intermediate material forms-film stacking, uncommingled yarn, and commingled yarm-were selected study the correlations between the impregnating property and mechanical properties. The size of the glass fiber block to be filled with matrix and the porosity in glass fiber bundles by spearing out the fiber bundle was different in these materials. Unidirectional glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites were fabricated by compression molding. The being test was performed by using the three-point loading system, and the fracture behavior and the degree of impregnation were observed to examine the influence of processing conditions on the bending properties, relative to the form of the intermediate material. Bending strength increased, in accordance with the impregnating property, least in the film stacking form, second most in uncommingled yarn, and most in commingled yarn. The impregnating property was affected by the size of fiber blocks and the porosity in fiber bundles, because bending strength was improved by spreading out the fiber bundles. Commingled yarn is an excellent intermediate materials, which has both the fineness of matrix/fiber mixing and large porosity in fiber bundles.

Influence of the impregnating property on mechanical properties of commingled yarn composites

This work deals with the bending properties of a series of plain and rib weft knitted structures made from cashmere yarns. Additionally, some plain weft knitted fabrics made from polyester textured yarns (PET) are included for comparison. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the structural characteristics (cover factor, fabric weight) and their effects on the bending properties. Theoretical analyses of the effects of yarn bending properties and fabric structure on the bending rigidity and frictional bending moment of the fabrics are based on our straight parallel yarns (SPY) model. In this model, the knitted structure is assumed to consist of a series of straight yarns that have some overlapping regions at the interlocking points. The estimation of fabric bending parameters is based on summing up the bending parameters of these straight yarns, which have some overlapping regions lying in the direction of bending. The estimated values from this model are compared with the values measured on a...

Effects of Yarn Bending and Fabric Structure on the Bending Properties of Plain and Rib Knitted Fabrics

The influence of cooling conditions on the bending properties and Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of commingled PET/GF and PA6/GF composites was investigated. The morphology and thermal properties of the composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The results show that cooling conditions had no major effect on bending properties, but the fracture toughness (GC) was affected; i.e., fracture toughness of gradual cooling was lower than rapid cooling. The bending properties are not significantly affected by crystallinity, but GC is strongly influenced by the level of crystallinity in the matrix resin.

The Influence of Cooling Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Commingled Yarn Composites

This work proposes a simple theoretical model for plain knitted fabric compression. The work assumes that plain knit compression can be obtained from a combination of piled layer (PL) yarn compression and single layer (SL) yarn compression with a contribution factor depending on the fabric geometry. Experiments involve compression of plain knitted fabrics made from 2/19 and 2/29 tex cotton and 2/43 tex cashmere yams and their compression properties. The relation between compressional energy and cover factor is also investigated. A comparison of the experimental pressure-displacement curves of the fabrics and those calcu lated based on the theoretical model using the experimental compression data of the yarns shows that the model is acceptable for explaining plain knit compression. This model can be considered as a basic step toward improving the knowledge of knitted fabric compression as it relates to yarn compression and fabric geometry.

Compression of Plain Knitted Fabrics Predicted from Yam Properties and Fabric Geometry

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