Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology-based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Pyraloidea, differ little among datasets and character treatments and are strongly supported at all levels of divergence (83% of nodes with bootstrap ≥80%). Subfamily relationships within Pyralidae, all very strongly supported (>90% bootstrap), differ only slightly from a previous morphological analysis, and can be summarized as Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (Phycitinae (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae)). The main remaining uncertainty involves Chrysauginae, of which the poorly studied Australian genera may constitute the basal elements of Galleriinae + Chrysauginae or even of Pyralidae. In Crambidae the molecular phylogeny is also strongly supported, but conflicts with most previous hypotheses. Among the newly proposed groupings are a ‘wet-habitat clade’ comprising Acentropinae + Schoenobiinae + Midilinae, and a provisional ‘mustard oil clade’ containing Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Noordinae, in which the majority of described larvae feed on Brassicales. Within this clade a previous synonymy of Dichogaminae with the Glaphyriinae is supported. Evergestinae syn. n. and Noordinae syn. n. are here newly synonymized with Glaphyriinae, which appear to be paraphyletic with respect to both. Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae as sampled here are each monophyletic but form a sister group pair. Wurthiinae n. syn., comprising the single genus Niphopyralis Hampson, which lives in ant nests, are closely related to, apparently subordinate within, and here newly synonymized with, Spilomelinae syn. n.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology-based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Pyraloidea, differ little among datasets and character treatments and are strongly supported at all levels of divergence (83% of nodes with bootstrap ≥80%). Subfamily relationships within Pyralidae, all very strongly supported (>90% bootstrap), differ only slightly from a previous morphological analysis, and can be summarized as Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (Phycitinae (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae)). The main remaining uncertainty involves Chrysauginae, of which the poorly studied Australian genera may constitute the basal elements of Galleriinae + Chrysauginae or even of Pyralidae. In Crambidae the molecular phylogeny is also strongly supported, but conflicts with most previous hypotheses. Among the newly proposed groupings are a 'wet-habitat clade' comprising Acentropinae + Schoenobiinae + Midilinae, and a provisional 'mustard oil clade' containing Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Noordinae, in which the majority of described larvae feed on Brassicales. Within this clade a previous synonymy of Dichogaminae with the Glaphyriinae is supported. Evergestinae syn. n. and Noordinae syn. n. are here newly synonymized with Glaphyriinae, which appear to be paraphyletic with respect to both. Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae as Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/onlineopen#OnlineOpen_

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification

Hyblaea fortissima Butler, a species of Hyblaeidae is recorded for the first time in Korea. The descriptions of adults including illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided.

A New Record of the Family Hyblaeidae(Lepidoptera) from Korea

ABSTRACT. Atteva aurea (Attevidae), Mesophleps adustipennis (Gelechiidae), and Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae) were studied in Honduras. Atteva aurea is widespread and feeds on Simarouba glauca. There were no significant differences in the larva or pupa between Honduran and North American populations to suggest a species complex. Mesophleps adustipennis was found in the seeds of Mimosa pigra in the center of the country. The immature stages are briefly described and illustrated, then compared to a few Anacampsinae. There are no records of M. adustipennis on soybean even though it is a recorded pest of that crop. Hyblaea puera was collected in Comayagua and El Zamorano. It was reared from Handroanthus ochraceus. The identification of the larva and pupa is discussed. The pilifer like lobes and unusual spiracle of the pupa are illustrated.

Hosts, Morphological Notes, Distribution Records, and Systematics of Three Common Honduran Moths, Atteva aurea (Attevidae), Mesophleps adustipennis (Gelechiidae), and Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae)

Contribución al conocimiento de los Lepidoptera Heterocera en Guinea Ecuatorial. Dos géneros y tres especies nuevas para la fauna de este país (Lepidoptera: Nolidae, Hyblaeidae, Erebidae)

One of the very few families of the higher moths whose early stages have not been critically studied is the Hyblaeidae, with the single tropical genus Hyblaea. This genus was formerly placed as a subfamily of the Noctuidae and earlier was associated with forms commonly called Pseudodeltoids. Later when we came to study the thoracic characters we found it could not belong to the Noctuidae, and in Comstock's “Introduction” we placed it after the Pyraloids. Heinrich and Busck, who have examined the male genitalia, find more resemblance to the true microlepidoptera.

The Pupa of Hyblaea (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae)

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The Pupa of Hyblaea (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae)