Physiological and molecular mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to cadmium stress: Current status and future perspective.

Genome-wide identification of PLATZ genes related to cadmium tolerance in Populus trichocarpa and characterization of the role of PtPLATZ3 in phytoremediation of cadmium.

Cadmium (Cd), as one of the heavy metals with biological poisonousness, seriously suppresses plant growth and does harm to human health. Hence, phytoremediation was proposed to mitigate the negative effects from Cd and restore contaminated soil. However, the internal mechanisms of detoxification of Cd used in phytoremediation are not completely revealed. In this study, we cloned the cytochrome P450 gene PscCYP716A1 from hybrid poplar “Chuanxiang No. 1” and found that the PscCYP716A1 was transcriptionally upregulated by Cd stress and downregulated by the exogenous brassinolide (BR). Meanwhile, PscCYP716A1 significantly promoted the poplar growth and enhanced the Cd accumulation in poplar. Compared to wild-type poplars, overexpressed PscCYP716A1 lines produced higher levels of endogenous BR and showed a stronger tolerance to Cd, which revealed that PscCYP716A1 may reduce the oxidative stress damage induced by Cd stress through accelerating BR synthesis. In general, PscCYP716A1 has a potential superiority in regulating the plant's tolerance to Cd stress, which will provide a scientific basis and a new type of gene-modified poplar for Cd-pollution remediation.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.919682/pdf

PscCYP716A1-Mediated Brassinolide Biosynthesis Increases Cadmium Tolerance and Enrichment in Poplar

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes play an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. However, systematic studies of the response of Boehmeria nivea (ramie) XTH genes (BnXTHs) to cadmium (Cd) stress are lacking. We sought to identify the BnXTH-family genes in ramie through bioinformatics analyses and to investigate their responses to Cd stress. We identified 19 members of the BnXTH gene family from the ramie genome, referred to as BnXTH1-19, among which BnXTH18 and BnXTH19 were located on no chromosomes and the remaining genes were unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes. The 19 members were divided into four groups, Groups I/II/IIIA/IIIB, according to their phylogenetic relationships, and these groups were supported by analyses of intron–exon structure and conserved motif composition. A highly conserved catalytic site (HDEIDFEFLG) was observed in all BnXTH proteins. Additionally, three gene pairs (BnXTH6–BnXTH16, BnXTH8–BnXTH9, and BnXTH17–BnXTH18) were obtained with a fragment and tandem-repeat event analysis of the ramie genome. An analysis of cisregulatory elements revealed that BnXTH expression might be regulated by multiple hormones and abiotic and biotic stress responses. In particular, 17 cisregulatory elements related to abiotic and biotic stress responses and 11 cisregulatory elements related to hormone responses were identified. We also found that most BnXTH genes responded to Cd stress, and BnXTH1, BnXTH3, BnXTH6, and BnXTH15 were most likely to contribute to the Cd tolerance of ramie, as evidenced by the substantial increases in expression under Cd treatment. Heterologous expression of BnXTH1, BnXTH6, and BnXTH15 significantly enhanced the Cd tolerance of transgenic yeast cells. These results suggest that the BnXTH gene family is involved in Cd stress responses, laying a theoretical foundation for functional studies of BnXTH genes and the innovative breeding of Cd-tolerant ramie.

/pdf/identification-of-the-xyloglucan-endotransglycosylase-hutsatou.pdf

Identification of the Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) Gene Family Members Expressed in Boehmeria nivea in Response to Cadmium Stress

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is escalating, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study investigated the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on Sedum alfredii Hance under Cd stress, aiming to enhance its phytoextraction efficiency. Initially, experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various concentrations of JA added to environments with Cd concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 μmol/L. The results determined that a concentration of 1 μmol/L JA was optimal. This concentration effectively mitigated the level of ROS products by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, JA fostered Cd absorption and accumulation, while markedly improving plant biomass and photosynthetic performance. In further experiments, treatment with 1 μmol/L JA under 300 μmol/L Cd stress was performed and transcriptomic analysis unveiled a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) instrumental in the JA-mediated Cd stress response. These DEGs encompass not only pathways of JA biosynthesis and signaling but also genes encoding functions that influence antioxidant systems and photosynthesis, alongside genes pertinent to cell wall synthesis, and metal chelation and transport. This study highlights that JA treatment significantly enhances S. alfredii's Cd tolerance and accumulation, offering a promising strategy for plant remediation and deepening our understanding of plant responses to heavy metal stress. 

Jasmonic acid's impact on Sedum alfredii growth and cadmium tolerance: A physiological and transcriptomic study.

Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) family genes reveal likely functions in cadmium stress responses in poplar.

The phenomenon of cross adaptation refers to the ability of plants to improve their resistance to other stress after experiencing one type of stress. However, there are limited reports on how ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) pretreatment affects the enrichment, transport, and tolerance of cadmium (Cd) in plants. Since an appropriate UVB pretreatment has been reported to change plant tolerance to stress, we hypothesized that this application could alter plant uptake and tolerance to heavy metals. In this study, a woody plant species, 84K poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa), was pretreated with UVB and then subjected to Cd treatment. The RT-qPCR results indicated that the UVB-treated plants could affect the expression of Cd uptake, transport, and detoxification-related genes in plants, and that the UVB-Pretreatment induced the ability of Cd absorption in plants, which significantly enriched Cd accumulation in several plant organs, especially in the leaves and roots. The above results showed that the UVB-Pretreatment further increased the toxicity of Cd to plants in UVB-Cd group, which was shown as increased leaf malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, as well as downregulated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, poplar plants in the UVB-Cd group presented a decreased photosynthesis and leaf chlorosis. In summary, the UVB treatment improved the Cd accumulation ability of poplar plants, which could provide some guidance for the potential application of forest trees in the phytoremediation of heavy metals in the future.

/pdf/uvb-pretreatment-enhanced-cadmium-absorption-and-enrichment-1sujgj8h.pdf

UVB-Pretreatment-Enhanced Cadmium Absorption and Enrichment in Poplar Plants

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Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) family genes reveal likely functions in cadmium stress responses in poplar.

UVB-Pretreatment-Enhanced Cadmium Absorption and Enrichment in Poplar Plants