Review of fully coherent free-electron lasers

A hard X-ray Split-and-Delay Line (SDL) under construction for the Materials Imaging and Dynamics station at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is presented. This device aims at providing pairs of X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from -10 ps to 800 ps in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV for photon correlation and X-ray pump-probe experiments. A custom designed mechanical motion system including active feedback control ensures that the high demands for stability and accuracy can be met and the design goals achieved. Using special radiation configurations of the European XFEL's SASE-2 undulator (SASE: Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission), two-color hard x-ray pump-probe schemes with varying photon energy separations have been proposed. Simulations indicate that more than 109 photons on the sample per pulse-pair and up to about 10% photon energy separation can be achieved in the hard X-ray region using the SDL.

/pdf/development-of-a-hard-x-ray-split-and-delay-line-and-1t1glb6fun.pdf

Development of a hard X-ray split-and-delay line and performance simulations for two-color pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL

We describe the OCELOT open source project focusing on new beam dynamics simulation capabilities of the whole machine in modern electron-based x-ray sources. Numerical approaches for particle tracking and field calculations are discussed. In developing of the fulldimensional numerical modeling we pursue two important competitive aspects: the simulation has to be fast and has to include accurate estimations of collective effects. The simulation results for the European XFEL [1] are presented. The results have been benchmarked agains other codes and some of such benchmarks are shown.

OCELOT as a Framework for Beam Dynamics Simulations of X-RAY Sources

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are cutting-edge scientific instruments for a wide range of disciplines. Conventionally, the narrow bandwidth is pursued in an XFEL. However, in recent years, the large-bandwidth XFEL operation schemes are proposed for x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography, in which overcompression is a promising scheme to produce broad-bandwidth XFEL pulses through increasing the electron beam energy chirp. In this paper, combining with the beam yaw correction to overcome the transverse slice misalignment caused by the coherent synchrotron radiation, finding out the overcompression working point of the linac is treated as a many-objective (having four or more objectives) optimization problem, thus the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III) is applied to the beam dynamic optimization for the first time. Start-to-end simulations demonstrate a full bandwidth of 4.79% for Shanghai soft x-ray free-electron laser user facility. Furthermore, the NSGA-III is found to be very efficient by providing a set of reference points with preferences. This paves the way for applying this algorithm to online optimization of a real machine.

pdf/generation-of-large-bandwidth-x-ray-free-electron-laser-with-16jald93x0.pdf

Generation of large-bandwidth x-ray free electron laser with evolutionary many-objective optimization algorithm

Besides the target to pursue the narrow bandwidth X-ray pulses, the large bandwidth free-electron laser pulses are also strongly demanded to satisfy a wide range of scientific user experiments. In this paper, using the transversely tilt beam enabled by deflecting cavity and/or corrugated structure, the potential of large bandwidth X-ray free-electron lasers generation with the natural gradient of the planar undulator are discussed. Theoretical predictions and numerical simulations demonstrated that X-ray bandwidth exceeding 5% can be observed with the optimized free-electron laser parameters.

Bandwidth broadening of X-ray free electron laser pulses with the natural gradient of planar undulator

The usage of x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) in femtosecond nanocrystallography involves sequential illumination of many small crystals of arbitrary orientation. Hence a wide radiation bandwidth will be useful in order to obtain and to index a larger number of Bragg peaks used for determination of the crystal orientation. Considering the baseline configuration of the European XFEL in Hamburg, and based on beam dynamics simulations, we demonstrate here that the usage of corrugated structures allows for a considerable increase in radiation bandwidth. Data collection with a 3% bandwidth, a few microjoule radiation pulse energy, a few femtosecond pulse duration, and a photon energy of 5.4 keV is possible. For this study we have developed an analytical modal representation of the short-range wake function of the flat corrugated structures for arbitrary offsets of the source and the witness particles.

/pdf/corrugated-structure-insertion-for-extending-the-sase-3fy5vjs2fb.pdf

Corrugated structure insertion for extending the SASE bandwidth up to 3% at the European XFEL

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Corrugated structure insertion for extending the SASE bandwidth up to 3% at the European XFEL