Crystal calorimeters have a long history of pushing the frontier on high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry. We explore in this paper major innovations in collider detector performance that can be achieved with crystal calorimetry when longitudinal segmentation and dual-readout capabilities are combined with a new high EM resolution approach to PFA in multi-jet events, such as $e^+e^+\rightarrow HZ$ events in all-hadronic final-states at Higgs factories. We demonstrate a new technique for pre-processing $\pi^0$ momenta through combinatoric di-photon pairing in advance of applying jet algorithms. This procedure significantly reduces $\pi^0$ photon splitting across jets in multi-jet events. The correct photon-to-jet assignment efficiency improves by a factor of 3 with a $3\%/\sqrt{E}$ EM resolution. In addition, the technique of bremsstrahlung photon recovery significantly improves electron momentum measurements. A high EM resolution calorimeter increases the Z boson recoil mass resolution in Higgstrahlung events for decays into electron pairs to 80% of that for muon pairs. We present the design and optimization of a highly segmented crystal detector concept that achieves the required energy resolution, and a time resolution better than 30 ps providing exceptional particle identification capabilities. We demonstrate that, contrary to previous detector designs that suffered from large neutral hadron resolution degradation from one interaction length of crystals in front of a sampling hadron calorimeter, the implementation of dual-readout on crystals permits to achieve a resolution better than $30\%/\sqrt{E}\oplus 2\%$ for neutral hadrons. Our studies find that the integration of crystal calorimetry into future Higgs factory collider detectors can open new perspectives by yielding the highest level of combined EM and neutral hadron resolution in the PFA paradigm.

New perspectives on segmented crystal calorimeters for future colliders

An effort was made to introduce scintillation light in lead fluoride crystals by selective doping. It was found that some rare earth ions doped in the lead fluoride crystal may serve as luminescence centers. The photo- and X- luminescence spectra, the decay time constants and the light outputs were measured for these doped samples. The decay time was found to be at a few milliseconds for these rare earth doped lead fluoride samples, which is too long to be useful for the homogeneous hadronic calorimeter detector concept with dual readout for future high energy physics experiments. Work to introduce scintillation in lead fluoride will continue.

/pdf/a-search-for-scintillation-in-doped-cubic-lead-fluoride-2a965pjfnm.pdf

A Search for Scintillation in Doped Cubic Lead Fluoride Crystals

If the scintillator response to a hadronic shower in a semi-infinite uniform calorimeter structure is S relative to the electronic response, then S / E = [ f em + ( 1 − f em ) ( h / e ) ] , where E is the incident hadron energy, f em is the electronic shower fraction, and h / e is the hadron/electron response ratio. If there is also a simultaneous readout with a different h / e , say a Cherenkov signal C, then a linear combination of the two signals provides an estimator of E that is proportional to the incident energy and whose distribution is nearly Gaussian—even though the S and C distributions are non-linear in E, wide, and skewed. Since an estimator of f em is also obtained, it is no longer a stochastic variable. Much of the remaining resolution variance is due to sampling fluctuations. These can be avoided in a homogeneous calorimeter. The energy resolution depends upon the contrast in h / e between the two channels. h / e is small in the Cherenkov channel. Mechanisms that increase h / e in sampling calorimeters with organic scintillator readout are not available in a homogeneous inorganic scintillator calorimeter. The h / e contrast is very likely too small to provide the needed energy resolution.

Degradation of resolution in a homogeneous dual-readout hadronic calorimeter

Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter: Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter

Beam tests of a hybrid dual-readout calorimeter are described. The electromagnetic section of this instrument consists of 100 BGO crystals and the hadronic section is made of copper in which two types of optical fibers are embedded. The electromagnetic fraction of hadronic showers developing in this calorimeter system is estimated event by event from the relative amounts of Cherenkov light and scintillation light produced in the shower development. The benefits and limitations of this detector system for the detection of showers induced by single hadrons and by multiparticle jets are investigated. Effects of side leakage on the detector performance are also studied.

/pdf/dual-readout-calorimetry-with-a-full-size-bgo-42ae7g1q4f.pdf

Dual-readout calorimetry with a full-size BGO electromagnetic section

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Dual-readout calorimetry with a full-size BGO electromagnetic section