The present state of understanding of surface cracking in low C low alloy steel slabs in the continuous casting (CC) and direct rolling (DR) processes is outlined. Hot cracking of the CC slab surfa...

Surface cracking mechanism of continuously cast low carbon low alloy steel slabs

Phosphorus grain boundary segregation in steel 17-4PH

(Tv ), since strong pinning effect of the second phase such as ƒÂ -ferrite and/or liquid phase onƒÁgrain boundary migration disappears. ThusƒÁgrain size of as-cast steels can mainly be determined by TƒÁ, i.e., the maximum grain size is obtained at a peritectic composition, as expected from Fe-C phase diagram. The carbon concentration at the peritectic point is significantly shifted by the addition of alloying elements. The coefficient kx on the shifting was determined separately for Mn, Ni, Si, Cr and S. Using the kx for element X, carbon equivalent (Cr) for perifectic reaction of low alloy steels can be written additively as

Effects of Alloying Elements and Cooling Rate on Austenite Grain Growth in Solidification and the Subsequent Cooling Processes of Low Alloy Steels

Based on the mold simulator technology, a mold-cracking simulator has been successfully developed to study the process of breakout and the shell surface crack formation during the initial solidification of molten steel inside the continuous casting mold. First, a spheroidal protrusion was installed on the mold hot surface to mimic the abnormal force that generated by mold wall deformation, and then the external force was applied to the initial solidified shell, to facilitate the formation of breakout and shell surface cracks. Second, the responding temperature and heat flux across mold hot surface were recovered by an inverse heat conduction problem. The experimental results indicated that the mold breakout occurs around the shell tip by the combined efforts from external horizontal force, ferrostatic pressure, and thermal stresses during positive strip time. The breakout tends to introduce the peak of the responding temperature and heat flux across the mold hot surface. The vertical propagation velocity of the rupture point in the solidification shell has been calculated as 0.42 m/s in this study, which is in good agreement with industrial slabs. The paper also suggested that surface transverse crack formation is related to the segregation of sulfur during the initial solidification of molten steel.

Development of a Mold Cracking Simulator: The Study of Breakout and Crack Formation in Continuous Casting Mold

The effects of deformation temperature and additions of impurity elements on the ductility of solution–treated 25Cr–20Ni steels have been examined at the relatively high strain rate of 0·11 s−1 by means of hot tensile tests. The ductility v. temperature curve can be divided into three regions: region I, 1000–1200 K, where there is a ductility minimum due to M23C6 precipitation on grain boundaries; region II, 1225–1400 K, which exhibits a plateau or a slight trough of ductility with corrugated boundaries as a result of dynamic recrystallization localized near the boundaries; and region III, 1450–1600 K, where recrystallization through the whole specimen leads to ductile fracture with complete necking. It was also confirmed that the grain boundary segregation of Sb and S and the sulphide precipitation on the grain boundaries accelerate intergranular cracking and reduce ductility in the range 1075–1300 K, and that, because sulphide particles melt on boundaries, the zero ductility temperature is marke...

High-temperature ductility of AISI 310 austenitic stainless steels

The high temperature deformation characteristics of low alloy, high strength steel martensites have been studied with particular reference to the role of prior austenite grain size and the grain boundary segregation of impurity elements It was confirmed that, in the region where the mean linear intercept of austenite grains is larger than 100 μm, slow tensile deformation at elevated temperatures nucleates microvoids on the boundaries and microvoid coalescence leads to final fracture Elongation in this region is determined specifically by prior austenite grain size and is linearly proportional to the inverse of prior austenite grain size, if the mode of matrix strengthening is not varied The addition of Cu or P impurities reduces austenite grain growth at temperatures above 1400 K and increases elongation For higher P contents, the fracture mode transition from intergranular ductile to intergranular decohesion can be observed occasionally during the course of fracture However, the effect of th

Effects of austenite grain size and grain boundary segregation of impurity atoms on high temperature ductility

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Effects of austenite grain size and grain boundary segregation of impurity atoms on high temperature ductility