Inverting signal bits is a basic operation for data hiding such as digital watermarking. In the previous papers the level transformation that performs both inverting a specified bit and minimizing the resultant level change has been proposed. Because the transformation maps signal levels sparsely within the dynamic range, some variation of the transformed levels is necessary to conceal the fact that the signals are transformed.

This paper proposes a method for varying the transformed levels randomly so that those bits that present the randomness can be distinguished. Then, these bits can represent a message to recover. Accordingly, a capacity of embedding additional bits increases.

The performance of the proposed method is analyzed in a stochastic manner in terms of the resultant level distortion and an embedding capacity. A simulation result is also shown to demonstrate the actual performance in the application to digital images.

An Advanced Method for Watermarking Digital Signals in Bit-Plane Structure

The transformation function proposed in a previous paper performs both inverting a bit chosen in a multi-level signal and minimizing the resultant change of level The remaining level changes, however, get larger in the intervals including the ends of the source level range than in the middle intervals The principal object of the present paper is to remove this difference in transformation performance among the intervals and thus to obtain the same properties over all the source range To avoid the ends of the level range, a translated and extended coordinate system is proposed The transformation is then modified and formulated so as to involve the translating of levels Furthermore, a function of varying the output levels in a random manner is added to the modified transformation Consequently, the output levels can spread over the whole dynamic range The effects of the random variations are evaluated through a stochastic analysis

/pdf/modified-level-transformation-for-bit-inversion-4tgdtyom4i.pdf

Modified Level Transformation for Bit Inversion Inwatermarking

Inverting signal bits is a basic operation for digital signal processing such as watermarking. A transformation from an input level to an output level that performs all the following three functions has been proposed in the previous papers: first, inverting a chosen bit; second, minimizing level change caused by the inversion; and last, varying the resultant transformed levels randomly by a stochastic process. In the application of the transformation to watermarking image bit-planes this paper deals with distortions appearing on the transformed images in detail. First, the way how pixel levels are changed by the transformation to generate distortions is described. Second, the results of the subjective quality measurement that was carried out for human subjects are presented. The measurement indicates that subjective quality of low-detail areas shows a correlation with level change, and subjective quality of high-detail areas reveals a correlation with change of frequencies of level occurrence.

Measurement of subjective quality of watermarked images made by inverting bits

A novel image hiding method based on the correlation analysis of bit plane is described in this paper. Firstly, based on the correlation analysis, different bit plane of a secret image is hided in different bit plane of several different open images. And then a new hiding image is acquired by a nesting “Exclusive-OR” operation on those images obtained from the first step. At last, by employing image fusion technique, the final hiding result is achieved. The experimental result shows that the method proposed in this paper is effective.

An image encryption method based on bit plane hiding technology

The inverting of signal bits is a basic operation for signal processing such as image watermarking. For performing the bit inversion for pixels, a level transformation that performs all the following three functions has been proposed in previous papers: first, inverting the bit associated with the chosen bit; second, reducing the change in the whole level caused by the inversion; and last, varying the transformed levels by a stochastic process. Procedures to implement the transformation are presented in this paper. Amounts of level change and changes of frequency distribution of levels caused by the transformation are also considered through simulations using real image data. The simulation results demonstrate that the stochastic properties of the transformation for real images can be approximately estimated from the properties obtained by an analysis under the assumption of a uniform frequency distribution of source levels.

Implementation of modified level transformation for bit-plane watermarking

In hiding watermarks in bit-planes of a grayscale image, this paper focuses on reduction of level change caused by bit inversion for improving image quality. First, the level transformation to invert one of bits representing a pixel level while minimizing the whole change is defined. According to its level change properties, a scheme for implementing the transformations so that actual level changes can appear below given limits is presented. In addition, domains of the transformation are defined so that watermarks can be recovered from the transformed images alone. On the other hand, allowable level changes are estimated according to human visual properties. Simulations using test images demonstrated effects of the level transformation on preserving image quality. Also, an example of limited level changes was given and then, an implementation scheme for achieving the limitation was specified.

Implementation of level transformations for hiding watermarks in image bit-planes under limited level changes

A method for sharing secret figures in halftone images involves the random use of template cells. In this method grainy appearances of halftone images can be reduced by limiting available template cells into two for each halftone level. A method for obtaining the cell pairs of the best halftone quality is proposed. To sort out such cell pairs from all the possible ones, quantitative measures for evaluating halftone quality are developed. To evaluate flat appearances of halftone, a level variance of a cell pair is defined. Experimental results of subjective evaluation show correlations between the level variances and the subjective qualities. Other measures are also defined to evaluate continuous appearances between consecutive levels. The method is demonstrated with cells of 4 by 4 dots. An example of the best cell pairs is then presented for practical use.

Designing Template Cells Suitable for Secret-Sharing Halftone Images by Quantitative Analysis

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Papers

Implementation of level transformations for hiding watermarks in image bit-planes under limited level changes

Modified Level Transformation for Bit Inversion Inwatermarking

Designing Template Cells Suitable for Secret-Sharing Halftone Images by Quantitative Analysis