The need for energy efficiency is leading to the growing use of additives that reduce friction in thin film boundary and mixed lubrication conditions. Several classes of such friction modifier additive exist, the main ones being organic friction modifiers, functionalised polymers, soluble organo-molybdenum additives and dispersed nanoparticles. All work in different ways. This paper reviews these four main types of lubricant friction modifier additive and outlines their history, research and the mechanisms by which they are currently believed to function. Aspects of their behaviour that are still not yet fully understood are highlighted.

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Friction Modifier Additives

The friction and wear characteristics of molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and molybdenum dithiophosphate (MoDTP) were examined under a reciprocating sliding condition by adding them to a pure hydrocarbon Both MoDTC and MoDTP reduced the friction and wear MoDTC formed a surface film composed mainly of MoS2 MoDTP formed less molybdenum compounds in the rubbing surfaces, which were composed mainly of MoS2 and FePO4 at 120 degrees C, und MoS2, MoO3 and FePO4 at 200 degrees C A surface film containing MoS2 was effective in reducing the friction The coefficient of friction was decreased with increasing the concentration of MoS2 in the surface film MoDTC had a higher ability to form MoS2 than MoDTP Therefore, MoDTC was superior in reducing friction to MoDTP

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Molybdenum Dithiocarbamate and Molybdenum Dithiophosphate

Effects of oil properties on spark-ignition gasoline engine friction

The Instantaneous IMEP method has been used to measure piston and ring assembly friction in a production Chevrolet 1.8 litre L-4 and a 5 litre V-8 engine modified for single-cylinder operation. Friction measurements are reported at different loads and speeds up to 1640 RPM under firing and motoring conditions with various oils and before and after break-in of the oil ring. Oils used were SAE viscosity grades 30, 50 and 30 with a friction modifier. Differences were found between motoring and firing friction, especially on the power and exhaust strokes. These differences diminished at higher speeds and lower loads where lubrication was more hydrodynamic. Differences in response to viscosity and friction modifier changes were noted between the two engines.

Effect of Some Lubricant and Engine Variables on Instantaneous Piston and Ring Assembly Friction

The influence, of environments on the properties of the surface films formed, with molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) was examined under a reciprocating sliding condition. MoS2 was formed on the rubbing surfaces in air and oxygen, and molybdenum compounds with an oxidation state lower than MoS2 were produced in nitrogen and argon. The surface film composed of MoS2 was effective in reducing the friction and wear, while the molybdenum compound formed in nitrogen or argon had no ability to prevent direct contact between the rubbing surfaces and to reduce the friction. It was a necessary condition for forming the surface film composed of MoS2 that the environment to be rubbed contained oxygen at a concentration above a certain level.

Environmental Effects on the Composition of Surface Films Produced by an Organo-Molybdenum Compound©

A selection of molybdenum-containing, oil-soluble friction modifier additives was tested comparatively in engine dynamometer tests on gasoline and diesel engines; the tests measured variations in brake specific fuel consumption with speed. A similar selection of molybdenum-containing additives was evaluated in terms of transmission efficiency in a hypoid-gear, rear-axle test rig; the baseline oil was a formulated SAE-75W gear oil. Bench-scale friction tests utilizing the Press-Fit, Timken and Four-Ball test devices were employed to establish a correlation between small-scale rigs and full-scale engine tests. 13 refs.

Effect of molybdenum-containing, oil-soluble friction modifiers on engine fuel economy and gear oil efficiency

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Effect of molybdenum-containing, oil-soluble friction modifiers on engine fuel economy and gear oil efficiency