The physics of optical vortices, also known as twisted light, is now a well-established and a growing branch of optical physics with a number of important applications and significant inter-disciplinary connections. Optical vortex fields of widely varying forms and degrees of complexity can be realised in the laboratory by a host of different means. The interference between such beams with designated orbital angular momenta and optical spins (the latter is associated with wave polarisations) can be structured to conform to various geometrical arrangements. The focus of this review is on how such tailored forms of light can exert a controllable influence on atoms with which they interact. The main physical effects involve atoms in motion due to application of optical forces. The now mature area of atom optics has had notable successes both of fundamental nature and in applications such as atom lasers, atom guides and Bose–Einstein condensates. The concepts in atom optics encompass not only atomic beams interacting with light, but atomic motion in general as influenced by optical and other fields. Our primary concern in this review is on atoms in structured light where, in particular, the twisted nature of the light is made highly complex with additional features due to wave polarisation. These features bring to the fore a variety of physical phenomena not realisable in the context of atomic motion in more conventional forms of laser light. Atoms near resonance with such structured light fields become subject to electromagnetic fields with complex polarisation and phase distributions, as well as intricately structured intensity gradients and radiative forces. From the combined effect of optical spin and orbital angular momenta, atoms may also experience forces and torques involving an interplay between the internal and centre of mass degrees of freedom. Such interactions lead to new forms of processes including scattering, trapping and rotation and, as a result, they exhibit characteristic new features at the micro-scale and below. A number of distinctive properties involving angular momentum exchange between the light and the atoms are highlighted, and prospective applications are discussed. Comparison is made between the theoretical predictions in this area and the corresponding experiments that have been reported to date.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8986/aaed14/pdf

Atoms in complex twisted light

We present highly efficient sum-frequency generation between two CW IR lasers using periodically poled KTP. The system is based on the 1064 and 1342 nm laser-lines of two Nd:YVO4 lasers. This is an all solid-state light source in the yellow-orange spectral range. The system is optimized in terms of efficiency as well as stability. We compare the performance of a singly and a doubly resonant system, and find that the stability of the singly resonant system is superior to that of the doubly resonant system. We find that the overall conversion efficiency of the single resonant system is higher than for the doubly resonant configuration.

Efficient all solid-state continuous-wave yellow-orange light source

We have developed a 5-W 756-nm injection-locked Ti:sapphire laser and frequency-doubled it in an external enhancement cavity for the generation of watt-level 378-nm single-frequency radiation, which is essential for isotope-selective optical pumping of thallium atoms. With a lithium triborate (LBO) crystal in the enhancement cavity, 1.1 W at 378 nm was coupled out from the cavity. Such results are to our knowledge the highest powers of continuous-wave single-frequency radiation generated from a Ti:sapphire laser and its frequency doubling.

External-cavity frequency doubling of a 5-W 756-nm injection-locked Ti:sapphire laser.

We have first developed an all-solid-state 252 nm coherent light source for laser cooling of silicon atoms. This can give an impetus to research into the manipulation of the atomic motion of silicon atoms toward nanoprocess applications. Therefore, we developed an experimental setup for silicon atom manipulation. It was found that a high-quality silicon atomic beam, useful for nanoprocess applications, is obtainable with manipulation using the coherent light source in the system. With this unique apparatus, we continue the challenge to demonstrate the spatial design of nuclear spins of the family of isotopes with laser cooling of Si.

Beyond the silicon roadmap [silicon laser cooling]

Highly efficient frequency conversions were conducted to obtain deep-ultraviolet single-mode coherent light by use of two-stage external cavities. A power of 154 mW at ~252 nm was obtained with a conversion efficiency of more than 8% by doubly resonant sum-frequency mixing of 373-nm light from the first-stage conversion and 780-nm light from a single-mode Ti:sapphire laser. The output performance of the deep-ultraviolet light source is sufficient for use in the laser cooling of neutral silicon atoms.

Efficient sum-frequency generation of continuous-wave single-frequency coherent light at 252 nm with dual wavelength enhancement

We performed optogalvanic spectroscopy of silicon atoms with a deep ultraviolet coherent light source, and observed spectral lines around 252nm.

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of silicon atoms

Performance characteristics of external cavities to generate deep-ultraviolet coherent lights resonant to 3p3P1−4s3P0 cyclic transition of 28Si

/pdf/fine-spectroscopy-of-neutral-silicon-atoms-1vgbc82g8v.pdf

Fine Spectroscopy of Neutral Silicon Atoms

We propose a continuous refractive beamforming surface for far-field with a freeform surface and non-one-to-one ray mapping, realizing the high efficiency and robustness of the XY position. We developed a new iterative optimization algorithm. The major tasks in each optimization step are updating the ray emission angles and surface reconstruction. The update of the ray emission angles is performed by the Monge-Ampère equation considering target and tentative far-field intensity distributions. The surface reconstruction is realized by minimizing the loss function consisting of the reconstruction error and regularization terms concerning the surface’s height and curvature. We also developed a manufacturing process for the freeform surface, which was very close to the design, by providing manufacturing feedback. This manufacturing process consists of the mastering process by a laser grayscale lithography, mold manufacturing process by a Ni electroforming, and producing element process by an imprinting process.

The continuous refractive beamforming surface for far-field with robustness and high efficiency

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